The Experience After Death in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism Essay

The Experience After Death in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism - Essay Example The three religions are mostly practiced in the South Asian region of the world. With the advancement in science, people have started questioning the different beliefs in their respective religions. A detailed study of the three religions gives us convincing evidence of the existence of the after life, the nature of the soul and the journey towards its final destination and the concept of heaven and hell. In this paper I will study the concept of life after death in the light of the teachings of Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. Like most religions of the world Hinduism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism also believe in the experience of the life after death. Each of the three religions gives detailed accounts of the journey of the soul from the time of its departure from the physical body towards the final destination. According to Glin-pa and Evans Wentz (2000), in Buddhism the after death journey is covered by the soul in 49 days (pg. 104). During this period the soul passes through a number of stages which have been mentioned by the authors in â€Å"The Tibetan Book of the Dead (2000)†. After which the soul enters into another body and is ready for rebirth. Death is not a sad experience for the Buddhists. It is just the beginning of the process of rebirth. In Hinduism, like in Buddhism the experience of death is not a sad one. It is rather referred to as the changing of the clothes (pg. 15) or moving from one house to another (pg. 15) by Sri Swami Sivnanda (1997) in his book entitled â€Å"What becomes of the Soul after death†. The after life journey of a Hindu soul is completed in one year during which the soul passes through many stages. The greater the sins committed by the soul the harder become the journey (pg. 16). Peter Clark (1999, pg. 63) discusses the concept of life after death in his book entitled â€Å"An Introduction to an Ancient Faith†. According to him the Zoroastrian faith also supports

Training class Essay Example for Free

Training class Essay CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in this paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I have added quotes whenever I used more than three consecutive words from another writer. I also certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for this course. Student’s Signature: ______________________________ Instructor’s Grade on Assignment: Instructor’s Comments: Justify the use of a needs assessment of your company’s proposed employee customer service training stressing five (5) ways in which such an assessment would expose any existing performance deficiencies. Customer demands and the increase in competition have caused many companies to focus on customer service and relations. Southwest Airlines uses different approach when managing their airlines services throughout 97 destinations and 41 states (La Tasha, 2013). The ability to provide great customer services has much to do with the success of many individuals and companies. In the case of Southwest, their brand is to offer a low fare to their customers and always taking them on time to their final destination. Customer service isn’t about giving the customer exactly what they want. It involves skills such as problem solving, empathy, interpersonal skills, communication, and leadership abilities. Employee performance can be improved in many ways. Training is one way to emphasize employee performance. Each customer interaction is a representation on the company. Southwest Airlines objective is to train executive teams, making sure the highly value customer satisfaction guarantee and wanted those executives who managed departments that directly filtered into the service quality. When conducting a needs assessment, there are three areas that must be considered: organizational needs, occupational needs, and individual needs. Organizational assessment evaluates the level of organizational performance. An assessment of this type will determine what skills, knowledge, and abilities a company needs. It determines what is required to alleviate the problems and weaknesses of the company. Occupational assessment examines the skills, knowledge, and abilities required for affected occupational groups. Occupational assessment identifies how and which occupational discrepancies or gaps exist. Individual assessment analyzes how well an individual employee is doing a job and determines the individuals capacity to do new or different work. Individual assessm ent provides information on which  employees need training and what kind. A needs assessment is a wise investment for the organization. It saves time, money and effort by working on the right problems. People skills are the foundation for good customer service. Southwest Airlines will identify the goals of the potential training program by doing an initial interview questions with all parties. These questions are just a few to begin laying the foundation for the needed training. When a company encounters some type of situations, training is required. Southwest Airlines, assessment moves into the organizational, person and task analysis phase, questions will be intended for specific key executives. To make sure if the training will support the company’s strategic direction and if the needed resources would be obtainable, the assessment team will look in the direction of strategic planning, training and business development executives.â€Å" When employees interact with customers they are representing the organization and each customer’s perce ption of the quality of that interaction can influence the customer’s opinion of the organization and its products or services† (Dugan, 2014). Person’s analysis phase will determined who will need the training and if the present knowledge base provides a foundation to obtain the new skills. With exceptional customer service being the primary goal of these airlines, the Customer Service Department and Customer Support service department know what practices are currently used and if new skills and training is necessary to improve customer satisfaction. Lastly, task analysis will identify what current job functions are performed and if a need to implement new practice is necessary. Determining the needs of employees within an organization, assisting managers and filling vacant positions are significant aspects of human resource management processes. Organizations must complete job analysis to identify the skills needed for each job. The job description explains the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to fill the various jobs as spelled out in job specifications. The main objective of a needs assessment is to answer common questions such as who, when, where and why. Conducting a need assessment protects the assets of an organization and it is also an opportunity to initiate the conversation for proper utilization of resources that have been set aside for training. All assessments gather the information needed to make the decision if training is needed with the use of specific techniques. The assessment will be  conducted with interviews, focus groups and supporting documentation to decide if training is needed. The outcome of this assessment needs to be accurate. Develop a customer service training implementation plan and determine the method of training. Southwest has developed the Simulations method where an extensive technology-based training program is used. Its university for people is accessible to all its employees for personal and professional development. The virtual university offers courses ranging from software training to customer service. Additional, the airlines careers development services provides the employees with counseling, assessment and development plans. Employee training programs are helpful to organizations of different sizes. Even small companies can improve customer service skills. Large organizations often need training programs specifically targeted to employee development and changing technologies. Offering training programs to employees helps the employee feel more engaged and committed to the organization. The implementing of an employee training program in the organization improves job morale and teaches new skills. There are several steps to follow in developing a training plan. Step 1. Analyze your organizational needs. Interview managers and supervisors and identify employee performance areas that need growth. Step 2. Present your detailed presentation plan to the committee or the companys leadership team a nd be prepared to answer questions. Summarize the benefits of each proposed program, anticipated costs and time requirements. Demonstrate the need for each program by preparing detailed analysis of problem areas and possible solutions. Step 3. Conclude your plan and determine the budget for the next fiscal year. Request funds needed for the implementation of the customer service training. It should be taking in consideration employee training budget, including materials, travel, speaker fees, computer access charges and food in the budgeted amount. Step. 4 Allocate the funds by department, per employee or per training program, recommends the American Society for Training and Development (Lynn, 2014). Consider the benefits expected from each training program and decide if the cost of the program will give the desired results. Step 5. List the training classes offer over the year. Divide the classes by type and employee attendance. Prepare a schedule and publish it in the companys intranet. If possible, allow employees to sign up electronically to save valuable personnel time. Step 6.  Look for potential trainers references and verify that his materials and presentation style fit the company needs. Arrange the program costs and fees and a list of any needed equipment. Ask an employee with expertise in the field to teach a class or utilize member of the companys human resources department. Set clear expectations of class content and have a feedback system in place. Strep7. Evaluate the success of the program immediately after the programs completion. Ask the participants to fill out a feedback of the training program. Analyze the comments to plan for further training. The simulation method used in this type of training is effective because it is planned and resourceful. Justify why you selected the training program that you did. The simulation method is a perfect program used by airlines. The method offers the trainees the opportunity to experience some characteristics of their job in a secure and restricted environment and build skills related to those aspects of the job. Southwest Airlines has established the Flight Simulation training method where the technicians are responsible for continuous maintenance and engineering support for the Flight Operations Training Center, also where all Southwest Airlines Pilots receive training, as well as support for Flight Attendant emergency door trainers. The group was named Southwests Heroes of the Heart winner for 2014, an annual tribute awarded to a behind the scenes workgroup whose dedication contributes to Southwests success. (Southwest, 2014). â€Å" Southwest continues to count on the incredible reliability of its Flight Simulation Technicians as the airline completes the integration of AirTran, trains classes of New Hire Pilots, and adds hundreds of Captains through 2015†.(Southwest, 2014) Propose two (2) ways to motivate an employee who has no interest in attending a training class. Motivating and keeping employees in the company, requires effective management practices and strong leadership skills. An adequate training and good operating system are vital in a company. Employees need proper support and training tools to performance the job. A performance-based compensation plan should be designed very carefully to ensure that employees are encouraged to help build the business. Recognition and communication are also very important manager key responsibilities. Management, leadership skills and efforts will determine the success in  providing a good environment where the employees will be motivated therefore will remain loyal to the company. Southwest Airlines is an excellent example of what most airlines companies are striving for. Some of its ways to motivate an employee who has no interest in attending a training class are: 1- Reward and recognition. Employees kno w that the company provides meaningful recognition and rewards for their performance. They know precisely what the company gives them in return for their unique work. The entire employees place particular importance in exploring every possible technique approach and devise to recognize outstanding performance. Southwest identifies all employees directly in proportion to their personal accomplishments. This generates a contagious shared energy across the whole organization and as consequence the work environment is animated with enthusiasm and joy and this atmosphere is what the employees love. For their employees, compensation is of secondary importance. By generously rewarding its employees for excellent performance, Southwest Airlines is able to maintain loyalty, job satisfaction and high level of personal motivation. 2- Performance Management. A key feature of Southwest Airlines performance management is its performance transparency. To begin with, the company measures three dimension of performance: Employee wellbeing, customer satisfaction and shareholder gain. To reach their goals, the performance of the average worker is critical (Deutschen dorf, 2014). Therefore, Southwest Airlines stresses a demanding tracking and rewarding of individual performance, attached with clear immediate and straight feedback. The employees have a strong image of the background in which they work; they clearly understand how performance is measured and what it is they can do in order to improve it. The understanding of current individual performance and organizational performance is a key factor not only in Southwest Airlines employee motivation, but also in any employee motivation setting. Develop a survey to collect feedback from the employees who attend the training. Companies should give a chance to their employees to express their thoughts on the direction of the company has the opposite effect. It is very important for the company to find out their opinions of a specific training class and it is more likely they will take a personal stake in the business and feel like they are part of the team. Every method of gathering employee feedback depends on what challenges you need to address as a business.  Common questions managers seek when employees complete their training classes are: Was the course appropriate to your needs? Were the training personnel sufficiently knowledgeable and professional? Was the training facility good? Was the training package communication available to you organization? Was the training course complete? And lastly, the amount of communication with you and your department. Training and Evaluation = Required fields How satisfied are you: Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Was the course appropriate Training personnel are sufficiently knowledgeable Quality of the training facility Communication of the training package The training course overall Amount of communication with you/your department References Deutschendorf, H. (2014). 7 key elements in southwest airlines employee motivation. Retrieved from: http://www.fastcompany.com/3024949/dialed/7-ways-to-keep-employees-happy Dugan, T. (2014). Developing and training human resources in organizations/ small business chron. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/developing-training-human-resources-organizations-697.html La Tasha. (2013). Southwest airlines needs assessment and analysis. Retrieved from: http://trainingdevelopmentsystems.edublogs.org/2013/03/15/southwest-airline-needs-assessment-and-analysis/ Lynn, D. (2014). How to implement an employee training program. Retrieved from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/207076-how-to-implement-an-employee-training-program/ Southwest, A. (2014). Sothwest airlines and its flight simulation technicians. Retrieved from: http://www.swamedia.com/releases/southwest-airlines-and-its-flight-simulation-technicians-announce-two-year-contract.

The Visual Re-Creation of Orpheus :: Jean Cocteau film Orpheus

The Visual Re-Creation of Orpheus Jean Cocteau’s film Orpheus (1949) is an adaptation of the Greek mythological figure of the same name. The alteration of the story into the visual medium of cinema is an interesting one. The use of cinematography in the film is creative, and it incorporates the essence of the myth with Cocteau’s own allegorical imagery. The symbolism of characters and events accompanied by the use of visual effects create a message that is uniquely significant. The special effects are the primary contributor to the distinctive features of Cocteau’s revision of the literary version. The devices that are incorporated in Orpheus, such as running the film backwards (the inversion of time) and using the photographic negative in some environments (inversion of space), function in numerous ways. On the surface, they add a mystique to the diegetic world that connotes the supernatural and uncanny nature of the narrative. In a more subtle way, however, they function psychologically to expose the viewer to the functions and subordinate machinations of the visual medium. In a way that is unique to the cinema, the special effects disrupt the pleasant continuity of the viewer. This disjunction is inherent in the ethereal nature of their circumstances and concomitant with its mythic origin. The psychological fraction of cinema is the specialty of Jean-Louis Baudry in Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus. He champions the idea that in order for the ideological infrastructure of a film to be successful, it must abide by certain filmic rules and not remind the viewer that they are simply witness to a representation (rather than a presentation, or a reality). The moral of the Orphic myth, â€Å"Don’t look back,† seems to be a historical analog of Baudry’s thesis. The warning itself applies to both Orpheus and the viewer of the film (â€Å"Don’t look at Eurydice†, and â€Å"Don’t look at the apparatus†). In this respect, the message of the Orphic myth is similarly the message of Cocteau, from a cinematic standpoint. Thus, it is the particular circumstances of the cinematic medium that multiply the efficacy of Orpheus. For proof of Cocteau’s intention in creating this meaning, his previous film with actor Jean Marais serves as the best example. Beauty and the Beast (1946) begins with a note to the viewer to remain focused on the â€Å"Once Upon a Time† mentality while watching the movie. This preface is another example of the intentional shift of focus away from the awareness of representation and towards a passive viewing experience. Later in the film, a mirror speaks to the protagonist: â€Å"I am your mirror, Belle. The Visual Re-Creation of Orpheus :: Jean Cocteau film Orpheus The Visual Re-Creation of Orpheus Jean Cocteau’s film Orpheus (1949) is an adaptation of the Greek mythological figure of the same name. The alteration of the story into the visual medium of cinema is an interesting one. The use of cinematography in the film is creative, and it incorporates the essence of the myth with Cocteau’s own allegorical imagery. The symbolism of characters and events accompanied by the use of visual effects create a message that is uniquely significant. The special effects are the primary contributor to the distinctive features of Cocteau’s revision of the literary version. The devices that are incorporated in Orpheus, such as running the film backwards (the inversion of time) and using the photographic negative in some environments (inversion of space), function in numerous ways. On the surface, they add a mystique to the diegetic world that connotes the supernatural and uncanny nature of the narrative. In a more subtle way, however, they function psychologically to expose the viewer to the functions and subordinate machinations of the visual medium. In a way that is unique to the cinema, the special effects disrupt the pleasant continuity of the viewer. This disjunction is inherent in the ethereal nature of their circumstances and concomitant with its mythic origin. The psychological fraction of cinema is the specialty of Jean-Louis Baudry in Ideological Effects of the Basic Cinematographic Apparatus. He champions the idea that in order for the ideological infrastructure of a film to be successful, it must abide by certain filmic rules and not remind the viewer that they are simply witness to a representation (rather than a presentation, or a reality). The moral of the Orphic myth, â€Å"Don’t look back,† seems to be a historical analog of Baudry’s thesis. The warning itself applies to both Orpheus and the viewer of the film (â€Å"Don’t look at Eurydice†, and â€Å"Don’t look at the apparatus†). In this respect, the message of the Orphic myth is similarly the message of Cocteau, from a cinematic standpoint. Thus, it is the particular circumstances of the cinematic medium that multiply the efficacy of Orpheus. For proof of Cocteau’s intention in creating this meaning, his previous film with actor Jean Marais serves as the best example. Beauty and the Beast (1946) begins with a note to the viewer to remain focused on the â€Å"Once Upon a Time† mentality while watching the movie. This preface is another example of the intentional shift of focus away from the awareness of representation and towards a passive viewing experience. Later in the film, a mirror speaks to the protagonist: â€Å"I am your mirror, Belle.

Factors Which Affect Decision Implementation Essay

Correct decisions, the two previous papers elaborately developed, can be arrived at only if the requisite process of ponderously putting many influencing factors in perspective is observed. Since errors in decision-making can end up being costly both for the company and its stakeholders alike, it has been seen that the use of critical thinking has proven to be essential in guiding decision makers in choosing the best options that will generate best results. But if one were to think that arriving at a logical and well-thought out decision ends the entire process of decision-making, one definitely takes the dangerous path of frustrating the process all together. A correct decision, one may argue, only proves to be beneficial to a company or organization when its implementation would translate the rigors of critical analyses into tangible results. Langdon, if only to mention, argues along the same line of thought. He maintains, â€Å"Decision makers will never leave the point of the decision without thinking about the steps necessary to implement the decision successfully† (Langdon, 2001, p. 15). Ethical Implications and Other Factors Affecting Implementation of Decision The previous discussion was able to zero in on the viable options that may gleaned from the map drawn to help BAE Systems establish greater presence in the island of Kava. It may be wise to be reminded of the decisions that were suggested hitherto: first, the company needs not only to â€Å"sustain its existing accounts, but also to set up new client-accounts done through aggressive advertisement and in-shore sales campaign† so as to ensure that the â€Å"sale of its products is commensurate with its desired expansion rate†; second, it needs to see through the â€Å"creation of an efficient and result-generating human workforce†; and third, it also is imperative that it should â€Å"create a larger warehouse, if not an adjacent processing plant in the island, so as to meet the demands of the market† It is noteworthy to mention that there are certain risks attached to the cited options. The purpose why the last paper identified them is to further inform the decision maker of the resulting benefits and costs that must be anticipated in the event of making the decision. However, to outline the varying factors that may affect th e implementation of any decision – which, if only to mention, concerns greatly the company and its stakeholders – is another area that must also be carefully looked at. Surely, the three above-cited options will generate ebbs of impact for the company in general. Two major factors can determine the success of the implementation of the suggested paths: the internal coherence of the decision itself, and the external receptivity of the stakeholders involved. The first factor pertains to the logic from which any decision is drawn; and this has already constituted a large portion of the previous studies. Every decision, if only to repeat, is arrived at after a ponderous circumscription of the problems at hand, and the generous gathering of facilitative facts to throw light into one’s judgment. If the problems were well stated, chances are, the solutions are going to be suited. The next factor is however different. This time, one has to consider other areas that affect the success rate of the decision. Roozen, De Pelsmacker and Bostyn have identified some of them: â€Å"the influence of stakeholders, organizational commitment, personal values, goals of the organization and socio demographic characteristics of individuals†, among others (2001, p. 87). In the light of the three suggested decision paths for BAE Systems, what Roozen (and company) points are certainly of paramount importance. For instance, since the company’s goal to establish a greater presence in Kava is heavily dependent on the expansion of its new sales accounts, the decision to equally expand the workforce and to create newer intra-island processing plants must be leveled against the impact such will have on the stakeholders – e. g. , will the company owners allow for an increased budget allocation to defray the expansion cost? , will the company managers be willing to oversee difficult but potential market areas within the island? , will the commitment of the newly hired sales representative be aggressive enough to meet expectations? , or will the vision of the company itself be willing to risk so much for a return of investment which will come later on? It is very important to note that BAE Systems’ vision is intricately knitted with the amount of available resources the company has, or is willing to risk for investment purposes. One way or another, the welfare of both the company and its stakeholders is the friction force that shall determine how fast or slow the implementation of the decisions pertinent to BAE Systems’ expansion in Kava island would be. Key to the company’s success in Kava is also anchored on the ethical implications the decisions have on its stakeholders. In order to clarify the moral basis for sticking into a decision, Rodgers and Gago has sought to identify many differing ethical motives in a study they conducted. They suggest that there are at least six â€Å"pathways† that justify, and thus serve a basis for a particular decision to be pursued: â€Å"psychological egoism, deontology, relativist, utilitarian, virtue ethics, and ethics of care philosophy† (Rodgers & Gago, 2001, pp. 358-359). Without having to go through their respective details, it may be good to note that the suggested options for BAE Systems are largely motivated by the â€Å"utilitarian† pathway. What does this mean? This means that the company which seeks to expand a venture must be seen primarily in terms of its ability to survive the risk. Thus, in a utilitarian approach, the company is more defined by a ‘consequentialist’ attitude in decision-making policies, in that it tries to see to it that any decision would generate the â€Å"greatest good (for) the greatest number of people† (Rodgers & Gago, 2001, p. 359). Conclusion One may properly recall that, in the Business Scenario, Alex once quipped that economics is what drives the company to further expand its presence in an island of Kava. In many ways, what he said was correct, if not telling. The overarching reason why one needs to surmount the seemingly impossible difficulties, by identifying all the contributing factors relative to the company’s vision, is indeed driven by economics. But having economics alone as the moving force behind the desired expansion of a certain company may not capture the entire picture. Any decision driven by economics therefore, one must remember, must also be tempered by the opportunities it creates for the involved stakeholders, and the ethical implications it generates seen from their perspective. Critical thinking, as always, can always help ensure that these seemingly non-economic aspects of doing business are given their due importance.

Hydration in Sport Essay

Boxing is a sport renowned for it’s propensity for dehydration in â€Å"making weight†. This document is written as an informative aid for boxers and coaches and discusses the impact of hydration and dehydration on physiology and performance. Although written with boxing in mind it has equal relevance to the wider sporting community. Hydration is the process by which water is ingested and absorbed into the body and the term euhydration synonymous with describing normal body water content (Wenhold, and Faber 2009). Water is the most abundant substance in the human body and vital to overall health and wellbeing. The muscles comprise over 70% water, as does the brain, blood plasma is 92% water and even bones consist of over 22% water. Water is essential in maintaining body temperature and blood volume, digestion for absorption/excretion and has a major impact on physical performance. Hydration studies demonstrate positive proof that a precise ratio of protein and carbohydrates promotes cellular rehydration and supports muscle recovery (Kalaman and Lepely 2010).The sports supplement industry is driving current research in this area of hydration, with (http://thorne-performance.tumblr.com 2009) stating: â€Å"Water is absorbed relatively slowly however, this type of hydration is really only extracellular (fluid outside the cell and collectively equates to 20% of the body’s water). Intracellular fluid inside the cell represents 40% of body weight and equates to 70% of the body’s water. True cellular hydration (intracellular) for sports performance is far more complicated than drinking water or a â€Å"sports hydration beverage† that is simply electrolytes and carbohydrate. Drinking water will improve your overall hydration status, but it will not significantly alter the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluid†. Electrolytes help regulate the distribution of water throughout the body and are required for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. The major electrolytes are sodium, potassium, chloride and magnesium. Electrolytes are lost as the athlete sweats but there is an adaptive response to this; as a boxer acclimatises over multiple training sessions to their environment, and increases his or her fitness, there is a decrease in the amount of water and electrolytes lost during exercise. Adding electrolytes to the fluids a boxer drinks can decrease urine output and help the fluids empty more rapidly from the stomach to become available for tissue hydration (Douglas et al 2000). Hyperhydration refers to an increase in body fluid above the euhydrated state. This can be achieved by ingesting excess water, often combined with glycerol which has a â€Å"sponge like† effect and aids water retention. The current scientific consensus however is that hyperhydration does not provide a meaningf ul physiological or performance advantage over simply remaining well hydrated during exercise (Murray 2007). The contribution of food to hydration levels is something that is often overlooked, numerous studies reveal that between 20% – 25% of total fluid intake comes from food, (fruit and vegetables having a high water content). Food intake also assists hydration through water binding to the carbohydrate content to form glycogen (1 part carbohydrate: 3 parts water). Dehydration refers to the process of uncompensated water loss via urine, sweat, feces, and respiration and is defined as a dynamic loss of body water or transition from euhydration to hypohydration (Armstrong 2007). During most sports, more fluid is lost (via sweating and breathing) than can be replaced (by drinking), and some degree of dehydration is therefore inevitable in sport. Dehydration provokes changes in cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, metabolic, and central nervous function that increase as dehydration worsens. Dehydration of 1% – 2% of body weight begins to compromise physiologic function and negatively influences performance. Dehydration of >3% of body weight further disturbs physiologic function and increases an athlete’s risk of developing a heat illness (Murray 2007). Taken to the extreme, rapid weight loss when achieved through dehydration can be fatal. Excessive dehydration can harm bodily functions, leading to kidney failure, heat stroke or heart attack, indeed in 1997 three young American wrestlers tragically died whilst trying to â€Å"make their weight† (Viscardi,1998).There is increasing evidence that even small levels of dehydration can negatively affect exercise performance. This is reflected in a 2005 scientific consensus statement issued by the American College of Sports Medicine: â€Å"Dehydration of >2% of body mass can compromise physiological function and impair exercise performance capacity†. Measuring Hydration. The best approach involves comparing 2 or more hydration indicators as single measurements lack accuracy. Cheuvront et al 2005 describes the following indicators as requiring minimal technical proficiency and can be used easily to evaluate hydration status during training: Body Weight Difference. The change of body weight represents a straightforward, effective assessment of hydration status and is especially appropriate for measuring dehydration that occurs over a period of 1 – 4 hours, (very simply, body weight lost during activity = sweat loss). Urine. If kidney function is normal, urine is concentrated and output is low when the body is dehydrated. When a temporary excess of body water exists, urine is dilute and plentiful. This offers 3 options to evaluate human hydration status using urine: 24 Hour Urine Volume. Urine volume can be used as an indicator of hydration status. Urine output varies inversely with body hydration status, urine output generally averaging 1 – 2 litres per day, but can reach 20 litres per day in those consuming large quantities of fluid. The minimum urine output is approximately 500 ml per day, although for dehydrated subjects living in hot weather, minimum daily urine outputs can be less. Physical activity and climate affect urine output. Exercise and heat strain will reduce urine output by 20% – 60%, while cold and hypoxia will increase urine output. Urine Specific Gravity. The density (mass per volume) of a urine sample relative to water can be measured using a handheld refractometer. Any fluid that is denser than water has a specific gravity greater than 1.000. Normal urine specimens usually range from 1.013 – 1.029 in healthy adults. When serious dehydration or hypohydration exists, urine specific gravity exceeds 1.030 Conversely, excess water consumption show values range from 1.001 – 1.012. Urine Color. A numbered scale has been developed that includes colors ranging from very pale yellow (1) to brownish green (8). Urine color does not offer the same precision and accuracy as urine specific gravity but provides a useful estimate of hydration state during everyday activities. Note that vitamin supplements can drastically alter the colour of urine via the excretion of excess water soluble vitamins. Thirst. As a physiological response to dehydration, thirst is a reliable indicator of 1% – 2% dehydration. Although thirst offers an estimate of mild dehydration, it better serves to remind individuals to drink more fluids as dehydration has already occurred by the time the thirst mechanism functions. http://drdietright.com/my-blog/water-for-weight-loss/ Hyponatremia (water intoxication) is a disorder in fluid-electrolyte balance that results in an abnormally low plasma sodium concentration. A sustained decrease in plasma sodium concentration disrupts the dynamics of water exchange across the blood-brain barrier, resulting in a rapid influx of water into the brain. This can cause swelling in the brain, leading to a series of increasingly severe responses, such as confusion, seizure, coma & even death. Hyponatraemia in athletes is often, although not always, caused by excessive drinking. During exercise, urine production is decreased, reducing the body’s ability to excrete excess water, while at the same time sodium losses are increased through sweating. The combined effect makes it much more likely that the body’s sodium content will be significantly diluted. Hypernatremia is defined by the Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine as â€Å"The presence of an abnormally high sodium concentration in the blood plasma. It may occur as a result of excessive sweating and inadequate fluid intake†. Hypernatremia is generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a relative deficit of free water in the body. For this reason, hypernatremia is often synonymous with the less precise term, dehydration. Re-hydration. After weigh-in, fighters typically try to replace lost body fluids in an attempt to return to a normal state of hydration. However, the fighter is unlikely to eat and drink sufficiently because of the negative effects of fighting on a full stomach. Also the time between weigh-in and fight is usually insufficient for fluid and electrolyte balance to be fully restored, or for rehydration and replenishment of muscle and liver glycogen (ACSM, 1996; Yankanich et al) This is supported by Foster (1995, p.66) who identified that â€Å"The body takes from 4 – 48 hours to fully recover from moderate dehydration, meaning there isn’t enough time between weigh-in and the match to ensure peak performance and health.† Effect of Ambient Temperature. The impact of dehydration on performance is less under cooler environmental conditions than under hot conditions and exercise in heat itself, even with no dehydration, impairs performance .(Sawka & Pandolf, 1990). Although the majority of scientific evidence illustrates that dehydration impairs physical performance, exercise in cold weather (Cheuvront et al) showed that dehydration (

Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essays

Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essays Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essay Debates concerning Accounting Theory are a waste Essay Arguments refering Accounting Theory are a waste of clip Coursework Essay Introduction This essay examines the proposition that â€Å"Debates refering Accounting Theory are a waste of time† It covers the topographic point of the comptroller in society today, discusses some definitions of accounting theory and how those theories affect the development of accounting rules and codifications of pattern. Some comparings are made with theoretical procedure in other discaplines and the relationship between theory, professional moralss and moral opinions. The essay concludes with a position against the proposition as future advancement in any subject relies on strict, good planned and executed research linked to healthy statement and argument. The Accountants Role and Duties Accounting theory is, by definition, the state of comptrollers. There is some value, hence, in depicting the: function of the comptroller accountant’s primary duties parametric quantities of accounting pattern The accountant’s function is more diverse and wide-ranging than of all time before. Governmental, concern and non for net income administrations have become progressively complex in their range and operations. Globalisation, rapid developments in information engineering and more demanding legislative and regulative governments regulating fiscal activity have had a major consequence on the manner administrations are managed, regulated and perceived by society. The financial and fiscal direction of administrations and fiducial demands on proprietors and directors mean increasing trust on adept advice and counsel from professionals with extended preparation and experience in accounting techniques and patterns. Therefore the simplistic position of comptrollers fixing the fiscal and direction histories for statutory demands and managerial control is now an mistiming. It is hard to specify the function of the modern comptroller in a short phrase or paragraph. Possibly an accountantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s function could be perchance be described as the â€Å"guardian of fiscal communicating and control systems of society† An accountant’s duties are broad and vary significantly from administration to administration and from the accountant’s place in the organizational and hierarchal construction. Duties are diverse. Some illustrations could be the readying of governmental budgets and prognosiss, pull offing the fiscal personal businesss of major transnational corporations, supplying fiscal consultancy advice to a little or average graduated table endeavor ( SMSE ) or scrutinizing the histories of a public company as a member of a professional accounting pattern. Each set of duties demand preparation, accomplishment and experience in widely differing aspects of accounting. Professional accounting operates within a series of â€Å"boundaries† ordering the public presentation and activity of the map. For illustration, a trained, qualified comptroller who wishes to provide his trade as a professional will about surely have to be a member of a professional establishment in the legal power of his pick. Once qualified and registered, as in many of the professions such as jurisprudence or medical specialty, an comptroller is surrounded by a bewildering series of legislative, regulatory, ethical and moral confines. Some of the accountant’s modus operandi is enshrined in corporate statute law, codifications of pattern, accounting criterions and regulative commissariats. However, non all parametric quantities are substantial and statute. For illustration the concern community and society at big has a perceptual experience which presupposes comptrollers should dispatch their responsibilities with truth, honestness, unity and nonpartisanship. Given the diverseness and complexness of the accounting environment, rehearsing comptrollers and those who observe, regulate, Teach, train, research and develop accounting techniques, patterns and rules would deduce benefit from comprehensive and congruous set of â€Å"Accounting Theories† and derived rules. The following subdivision discusses the definition and background to some of the more noteworthy accounting theories. Accounting Theory – A Definition There are a figure of definitions of Accounting Theory. For illustration, Hendriksen and Breda suggest â€Å"a coherent set of conjectural, conceptual and matter-of-fact rules organizing a general frame of mention for asking into the nature of accounting† . [ 1 ] Another definition by Most suggests â€Å"accounting theory is that subdivision of accounting which consists of the systematic statement of rules and methodological analysis, as distinguishable from practise† [ 2 ] In most definitions it appears that the basic nomenclature refers to the construct of an implicit in set ofrules.It is deserving doing some reference of the how theories are derived. In scientific survey, theories evolve through the observation of phenomena which can take to a hypothesis which is so tested with strict and extended experimentation to get at a decision or theory. For illustration, in early 19th century medicine the premise was that cholera was an airborne disease. This was challenged b y the physician John Snow with the â€Å"hypothesis† that it was in fact a water-borne disease. Snow had the chance to verify his hypothesis in the cholera eruption in 1854 by careful observation and by plotting the location of new instances proved that they were clustered unit of ammunition specific H2O beginnings. Final cogent evidence was that after the closing of that peculiar H2O beginning, no farther new cholera instances were reported in the country. In accounting, it may ab initio be hard to gestate how theory evolves into an absolute â€Å"law† in rather the same manner as in the physical universes of say medical specialty and scientific discipline. For illustration, Newton’s 3rd jurisprudence of gesture, â€Å"for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction† may look to hold small relevancy to accountancy theory. Yet dual entry book-keeping is based on the construct that â€Å"for every debit there is an equal and opposite credit† which is an eldritch reverberation of Newton’s jurisprudence. It is besides interesting to observe that Luca Pacioli [ 3 ] derived his dual entry â€Å"law† in 1494 where Newton’s Law was established about 200 old ages subsequently. Possibly a instance of commercialism predating scientific discipline! The basic illation is that a basic set of rules for certain minutess can be observed, tested and proven to set up the â€Å"principles† o f accounting. Theory vs. Principles, Standards and Codes of Practice As discussed in subdivision 2, comptrollers do non work in stray tusk towers. They work in the existent universe of authorities, commercialism and academe, in a bewildering scope of establishments and administrations in every continent and state throughout the Earth. Human commercial activity is every bit old as society itself, and as the â€Å"guardian of fiscal communicating and control systems of society† comptrollers have existed in one signifier or another for 1000s of old ages. It is interesting to observe that in ancient Egypt, † Egyptian bookkeepers associated with each depot kept punctilious records, which werechecked by an luxuriant internal confirmation system. These early comptrollers had good ground to be honorable and accurate, because abnormalities disclosed by royal audits were punishable by all right, mutilation or death.† [ 4 ] Ancient Egyptian society had recognised the demand to develop criterions and codifications of practise and the construct of hearers as inadvertence to commercial accounting activity. Today this has developed into a bewildering scope of regulations, ordinances, codifications of practises and guidelines. A cheque of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Library [ 5 ] lists more than 30 separate Financial Reporting Standards issued by the Accounting Standards Board ( ASB ) entirely. Global, one could conceive of many 1000s of such paperss, with each legal power holding its ain attack to command and ordinance. Are every one of these criterions based on solid accounting theory, rigerously tested and proven by observation, proving and proof? This can non be the instance. Certain rules may good hold been capable to more testing and turn outing but much of content of such paperss is based on usage and pattern, shared cognition and expierience and the positions and thoughts of â€Å"experts† in the field. It may be interesting to theorize how many of the accounting rules contained in the criterions could be said to hold been straight derived from accounting theory genuinely tested and proved and found to be robust in application and reading. The premiss that accounting theory is distict from practise, as suggested by Most, may hence be valid. Oversight and Regulation The inadvertence of accounting is, as indicated by the ancient Egyptian experience, every bit old as the profession. Possibly today penalty for non-compliance is non rather as harsh, but at that place can still be important direct and indirect effects if society Judgess at that place have been major oversights in professional behavior and non-adherence to the rules, patterns and codifications of behavior adopted by a peculiar legal power. For illustration, in the Enron instance the accounting house Arthur Anderson were proved desiring as hearers of this multi-billion dollar corporation. Not merely were executives of Enron charged, and convicted of fraud, but the complicity of senior executives at Arthur Anderson proved a decease blow for the company, one of the pillars of the accounting universe. Many 1000s of guiltless people were adversely affected including stockholders and employees of both Enron and Arthur Anderson. In this instance it is clear that The comptrollers who audit f iscal statements are supposed to guarantee the legitimacy of mark-to-market rating. In the instance of Enron, nevertheless, this inadvertence was clearly missing and contributed to Enron s eventual prostration. [ 6 ] So where does accountancy theory base in supplying the cheques and balances for the accounting profession? In most legal powers there are a overplus of legal demands regulating corporate fiscal traffics. The accounting profession is mostly responsible for doing judgements on how and whether these legal demands are being met and that histories are presented in a â€Å"true and just view† . In fact this is a legal demand enshrined in statute law such as: The Companies Act requires that the balance sheet of a company must give a true and just position of its province of personal businesss at the terminal of its fiscal twelvemonth, and must follow with legislative act as to its signifier and content. [ 7 ] There is besides a strong statement to propose that as employees and sub-contractors to concern entities, comptrollers are capable to force per unit area and struggle of involvement in the discharge of their responsibilities, peculiarly with respect to the moral and ethical issues environing the demand to show a â€Å"true and just view† of the fundss of an organisation. It has been argued that â€Å"when accounting is a affair of policy and assorted policy picks are available, company directors will choose those most in agreement with their private involvements [ 8 ] But in most instances the criterions of professional behavior for comptrollers rely on self-regulation. The inquiry here is-does accounting theory have a portion to play in the prescription of what is a â€Å"true and just view† ? How is accounting theory related to the moral and ethical quandary of the accountant working within or involved with scrutinizing a major corporation where the accounting policies and concern theoretical account is fishy? An infusion of the audit study from the Bradford and Bingley 2007 Annual study reads: â€Å"In our sentiment: the Group Financial Statements give a true and just position, in conformity with IFRS as adopted by the EU, of the province of the Group’s personal businesss as at 31 December 2007 and of its net income for the twelvemonth so ended ; the Company Financial Statements give a true and just position, in conformity with IFRS as adopted by the EU as applied in conformity with the commissariats of the Companies Act 1985, of the province of the Company’s personal businesss as at 31 December 2007 ; and the Financial Statements and the portion of the Directors’ Remuneration Report to be audited have been decently prepared in conformity with the Companies Act 1985 and, as respects the Financial Statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation ; and the information given in the Directors’ Report is consistent with the Financial Statements.† [ 9 ] On 28 September 2008 the British Government nationalised the banking concern of Bradford and Bingley. The Arguments For and Against The proposition is: â€Å"Debates refering Accounting Theory are a waste of time† Clearly the accounting activity from pre-history to today was and is an of import component in society. It is indispensable in pass oning economic, fiscal and commercial information and is the anchor of commercial life and all signifiers of financial and fiscal minutess. Society as it is today would non work without accurate, seasonably, well-presented fiscal information. In carry throughing these demands a solid foundation of accounting theory can but beef up and heighten the professional pattern of accounting and its hereafter development. To the profession and all involved in economic and corporate activity, debates on accounting theory are a cardinal component the development of an progressively sophisticated fiscal community. However, to the bulk of us who are non straight involved, do non understand or care to acquire involved in the complexness of the academic statements associated with fiscal issues, such arguments would so be a waste of clip. But the consequence of theoretical arguments and their application to real-life activities could impact many of us deeply. The Enron and Bradford and Bingley sagas may assist the profession to develop more sophisticated accounting theories to cut down the hazard of fiscal loss to many 1000s of guiltless bystanders. One lives in hope, but no theory, no affair how sophisticated, can pass for the moral or ethical oversight. Bibliography 1Hendriksen and Breda, Accounting Theory, Richard D Irwin Inc. , 1992, p. 21 2Most, Accounting Theory, Grid Publishing, Inc. , 1982, p. 55 3Luca Pacioli: Unsung Hero of the Renaissance. Dir. Paul Jackson. With David Tinius, . , William Weis. , South-Western Publishing Company, 1990 4Article courtesy of John R. Alexander at Net Gain ( ain italics ) 5 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.icaew.com/ 6 Peter C. Fusaro, and Ross M. Miller, What Went Wrong at Enron: Everyone s Guide to the Largest Bankruptcy in U.S. History ( Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2002 7 R. Hussey, ed. , A Dictionary of Accounting, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 8 Brian P. West, Professionalism and Accounting Rules ( New York: Routledge, 2003 9KPMG Audit Plc Chartered Accountants, Registered Auditor, Bradford and Bingley Annual Report 12 February 2008 1

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Vocabulary Tips On Tenterhooks - Proofeds Writing Tips Vocabulary Tips: On Tenterhooks The phrase â€Å"on tenterhooks† is quite common in English. However, it is also one of the most widely misspelled phrases around (it even came in at number two in a British survey). But what does it mean to be â€Å"on tenterhooks†? What exactly is a â€Å"tenterhook†? And how do you avoid errors when using this phrase? In this post, we explain everything you need to know. What â€Å"On Tenterhooks† Means When we say we are â€Å"on tenterhooks,† we mean that we are feeling tense or agitated due to anticipating a future event. For example, we might use it in a sentence as follows: I’ve been on tenterhooks waiting for my exam results. This means that we find waiting for the results hard to bear! But where does the phrase come from? The Origins of Tenterhooks â€Å"Tenterhooks† comes from the old-fashioned term â€Å"tenter.† This was a frame used for drying and stretching cloth, so a â€Å"tenterhook† was a hook used on one of these frames. A tenter frame in action.(Photo: Clem Rutter/wikimedia) You won’t see many tenter frames around these days. However, if you time traveled back to a wool-making town in seventeenth-century England, they’d be a common sight. Tenters were actually used as far back as the fourteenth century, but we picked the seventeenth century as our time travel destination because this is when the phrase â€Å"on the tenters† first appears. This then evolved into â€Å"on tenterhooks† in the same way we use it today. Its meaning was probably more obvious at the time, as people were used to seeing cloth literally being held in suspense by tenterhooks. The jump to metaphorical tension or suspense was therefore a natural one. Tenterhooks vs. Tenderhooks? One common error people make when using this phrase is to write â€Å"tenderhooks† instead of â€Å"tenterhooks.† This may be a result of mishearing the term when spoken. Or it might just be because â€Å"tender† is a familiar English word. Unfortunately, â€Å"tenderhooks† is not a real word at all. We admit that the image of a â€Å"tender† hook is intriguing, though. Perhaps it is less pointy than most hooks? Or a hook used for attaching yourself to a loved one? The possibilities are endless. But until someone does invent a â€Å"tender hook,† we recommend sticking to the phrase â€Å"on tenterhooks† if you are trying to express anticipation or suspense.

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Hurrican Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurrican Katrinia - Essay Example aled to both the contractors who designed and built the wall as well as the Army Corps Engineers the nature of the weak layer of soft soil that made the base of the floodwall’s steel piling foundation. In addition, the primary design for the steel sheet foundation for the walls indicated a suggested depth of 10 feet having the calculations made with wall base at 12.8 feet. Furthermore, a New Orleans engineer claimed that the depth was later on increased to a depth of up to 17 feet. Nonetheless, although the corps maintained their claim that the wall depth was 17 feet, investigations carried out by a forensic engineering group from Louisiana State University by use of sonar revealed that the piling sheets were 10 feet (Shrum, 2014). Also, investigations of the constructions on the Industrial Canal and London Avenue levees showed that they were below the stated standards. Other reports indicated that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal close to where the site of breach appear ed had previously reported about a constant leakage from the canal that flooded their yards a year before the Hurricane Katrina. Therefore, aside from the fact that the storm heave formed remarkable subterranean pressures under the floodwalls making the soil under the sheet weaker structural problems in the walls played a role as well (Shrum, 2014). Poor levee maintenance was another underlying factor, whereby, investigations suggest that a probable trigger of the breach on the 17th Street Canal levee may be due to a fallen large oak tree planted rather too close to the levee base. In addition, on the London Avenue Canal, burrowing animals had formed enormous through-ways that undermined the already weakened foundations. Therefore, the local levee boards responsible for maintaining had not done their work as they should have. In addition, the destruction of cypress trees and various vegetations that had previously grew in the brackish waters in the intersection between the Gulf of Mexico

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Investigation into transition metals as catalysts Essay Example for Free

Investigation into transition metals as catalysts Essay Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly to form water and oxygen gas. Transition metal oxides will catalyse this reaction. A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used up. The best catalyst for a reaction increases the rate of reaction the most. The rate of reaction can be measured by the amount of product formed divided by the time of the reaction. If 40 ml of oxygen were produced in 30 seconds (0. 5min), then the rate of reaction would be 80 ml/min. Planning- the apparatus available will be: 20 volume hydrogen peroxide solution (irritant), copper dioxide (harmful), iron oxide, manganese dioxide (harmful), spatulas, ele4ctronic balance, measuring cylinder, trough (water bath), stop watch, thistle funnel, delivery tube, bungs to take funnel and tube, boiling tubes. Safety Precautions   Wear goggles.   Make sure that the hydrogen peroxide does not make contact with skin and/or hair.   Wipe bench thoroughly after experiment. Variables Each catalyst should be tested twice, however the catalyst should be altered after each experiment. Constants. Volume/concentration of hydrogen peroxide (10cm3 of 20 vol. hydrogen peroxide + 10cm3 of water).   Amount of each catalyst (1g).   Time left for/intervals at which gas is measured (every 5 seconds for 50 seconds).   Same general apparatus. NB. Wash apparatus after each experiment. Measurements The volume of gas (oxygen) produced will be measured during each test at 5-second intervals- this will be done by measuring how much water is displaced in the measuring cylinder by the gas. Each catalyst will be tested twice, and the test will last for 50 seconds on each occasion. Results Manganese. Time (secs) Experiment 1 (vol. of Oxygen cm3) Experiment 2 (vol. of Oxygen cm3) Average (vol. Of Oxygen cm3) Copper Time (secs) Experiment 1 (vol. of Oxygen cm3) Experiment 2 (vol. of Oxygen cm3) Average (vol. Of Oxygen cm3)   Iron Time (secs) Experiment 1 (vol. of Oxygen cm3). Experiment 2 (vol. Of Oxygen cm3) Average (vol.Average rate of reaction Average rate= volume/time=.. cm3/sec Manganese dioxide= 96/40= 2. 4 cm3/sec. Copper oxide= 27/50= 0. 54 cm3/sec. Iron dioxide= 27/50= 0. 54 cm3/sec. 20 vol. of hydrogen peroxide means that each cm3 gives off 20 cm3 of oxygen gas. We diluted it to 10 vol. Using water and so we would have expected 100 cm3 of oxygen. Hence manganese dioxide as well as being the best catalyst also caused more hydrogen peroxide to break down. Evaluation Although the results obtained were fairly good, there were quite a few problems during the experiment, which affected them. These were:   It was difficult to fill the measuring cylinder with water, as well as insert it into the trough (water bath) without any escaping and creating difficulties in measuring the gas produced.   The largest measuring cylinder was only 100 cm3. This was very relevant as one of the tests for manganese dioxide exceeded 100 cm3 in gas produced, therefore a larger cylinder was needed. The catalysts were very fine powders, which made it difficult to measure out exactly 1g.   When gas was being produced and coming off fast, it was difficult to read the measurements accurately as the surface of the water wasnt steady. (It was also difficult when a gas bubble came up while the gas volume was being measured). In act to improve the experiment and thus make the results more accurate, the following could have been done: A wider measuring cylinder used so that gas being produced rapidly would not disturb the water surface as much, making the volume of gas easier to measure. A larger measuring cylinder used so that gas volumes exceeding 100 cm3 could be measured and therefore the results not interrupted with.   Repeat testing (i. e. 3 tests for each catalyst) carried out so that there is less room for error whilst obtaining results. This would also make them more reliable. When the results were obtained, there were some noticeable abnormalities i. e. anomalous results. These were; the measurement of gas after 5 seconds when testing iron dioxide, and the tests when using manganese dioxide. This was because when manganese dioxide was being tested, there were large differences in measurements at each time interval, therefore experimental errors must have occurred (after 40 seconds on the first test, the gas volume also exceeded 100 cm3, whilst in the second test this did not happen until after the 50 second limit). The other anomalous result was when testing iron dioxide, as after the first 5 seconds, there was a large difference in the volume of gas between the 2 tests carried out (30 cm3 : 20 cm3). The cause of these anomalous results is most likely related to the surface area of the catalyst in correlation with each test carried out i. e. the powdered catalyst may have been slanted up the boiling tube during one test, but not on the other, resulting in different surface areas. Shaking the boiling tube before each test and/or using a wider testing tube, could have however prevented this. From the results obtained, you can also not definitely state the best catalyst for his reaction, as all 31 transition metals were not tested. Therefore to extend this investigation to find the best catalyst for producing oxygen gas from hydrogen peroxide solution, all the transition metals could have been tested as well as repeat tested for verification. This, in conclusion, would have found the best catalyst for this particular reaction.   Daniel Powell. 10k. 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Toyotas Decision to Build a Plant in France Essay -- Business Managem

Toyota's Decision to Build a Plant in France Background In late 1996, Toyota began to look at the whole of western Europe for a site for its ultra-modern plant. Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland and the UK all seemed to be the most promising investment recipient, but the list was quickly left a head-to-head battle between Europe's oldest foreign investment rivals - France and the United Kingdom. At first, the UK seemed the obvious choice. Toyota had its only European car assembly plant at Burnaston, in the UK's Midlands, where a skilled workforce and well-established automotive infrastructure and cluster of related firms are available. However, at the end of January, company president Hiroshi Okuda voiced doubts about investing in the UK because of its hesitation to fully participate in the European monetary system. In 1997, Toyota finally announced plans to build a $660 million car plant in Valenciennes, 60 km from Lille, France. Evaluation 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons for French government to invite Toyota to invest in France are attributed to the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) to France as the host country. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resource-transfer effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota can make positive contribution to French economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available and thus boost French?fs economic growth rate. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Toyota, as a multinational enterprise (MNE), because of its large size, reputation, and financial strength, has access to financial resources which may not be available for French local firms like Renault or Peugeot-Citroen. These financial resources can be originated from Toyota?fs internally-generated cash, or from capital markets. As a reputable and financially strong company, it may be easier for Toyota to have access to such resources than French local companies do. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology plays important role in economic growth of a country, since it can stimulate economic development and industrialization. Technology can be incorporated into both production process and the product itself. In case of Toyota, the French government may be benefited from its advanced technology which it passed to its French employees, therefore improves the employees?f skill without additional investment to develop their own indigenous product and process tech... ...mic mismanagement will cause drastic changes in a country?fs business environment that adversely affect the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. If the French economic is in turmoil, Toyota?fs investment in this country will also be affected. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal Risk   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legal risk is the likelihood that a trading partner will opportunistically break a contract or expropriate property rights. This may also happen to Toyota?fs when its trading partner in France infringes contract agreements. Beside those three risks, Toyota also faces the cultural risk since the ?grules of game?h of doing business in France with French people is different with that in Japan and other countries where Toyota already put its investment. The French language and culture can be a problem for Japanese firms used to speaking English when working overseas. Conclusion The decision to build a plant in France is a part of Toyota's global strategy in Europe. The company has already built plants in UK, Belgium, Poland, and Turkey. Supported by other plants in Europe, which supply the manufacturing components, the French plant will strengthen Toyota's position to penetrate European market.

fidel castro Essay -- essays research papers

The United States of America is a country that believes in democracy and has unfavorable ties with communist countries. The United States has tried for decades to improve relations with the countries that don’t practice democracy. History shows disagreements between the United States and dictators of these irreverent countries, disagreements that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The most recent of these confrontations involved three countries. United States of America, Cuba and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Fidel Castro is a Cuban revolutionary, who took control of Cuba in 1959 and established a Communist dictatorship. Castro, who was born in Mayari, became the leader of an underground, anti-government faction. In 1956, he led a rebellion that won increasing popular support. Eventually Castro forced Batista y Zaldivar, who was the premier of Cuba to flee the country. Once in power Castro executed and imprisoned thousands of political opponents, nationalized industry, collectivized agriculture, and established a one-party socialist state. In the early 1960’s Castro openly embraced Communism and formed close ties with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), relying on Soviet economic and military aid approving limited economic reforms that legalized some free enterprise. In Cuba, an estimated $1 billion in U.S.-owned properties were seized in 1960. The Castro government seized oil refineries, sugar mills, and electric utilities owned by th...

Angry men analysis

In the beginning of the movie, Jury number 1 seems to be an â€Å"emergent leader† (An emergent leader gradually achieves leadership by interacting with group members and contributing to the achievement of the group's goal, page 113). From the start he has started folding papers for voting, and the other Jurors seem to follow him. When he said we would like to get started, they all gather on the table. The type of leadership he is showing is â€Å"democratic† (a democratic leader promotes the interests of group members and practices social equality, page 117).He asks for input from the other Jurors on how they should do the discussion. Pretty much he is the one controlling the flow of the discussion. He is also an â€Å"initiator† (Proposes ideas and suggestions; provides direction for the group; gets the group started, page 58). When the group Just came back from break he said, â€Å"Now let's get started. Who wants to start it off? † However, during the movie Henry Found seems to starting to take over gradually by leading the group of â€Å"not guilty'. He looks more like the emergent leader towards the end of the movie.During the discussion, some of the Jurors are acting as â€Å"deserter† (Withdraws from the group; appears â€Å"above it all† and bored or annoyed with the discussion; remains aloof or stops contributing, page 61) by playing games, left the room, even the group leader Our no. L) was about to desert the group because he feels that the group thinks that his way of doing things is not right. The juror that wants to leave the discussion because he wants to watch a game almost â€Å"deserts† the discussion by changing his vote to â€Å"not guilty' so that the discussion would end earlier.Toward the middle of the discussion, one of the Jurors was taking totes and trying to build up a solid fact from the discussion while the other Jurors are talking. He was doing an â€Å"analytical listening†, which focuses on evaluating and forming appropriate opinions about a message. It requires critical thinking and analysis (page 193). The climate changes moderately throughout the film. It starts off with a good climate, then it gets tighter when the Jurors start arguing until even some of them feels that the other is being insensible. Nonverbal communications† (message components other than words that generate meaning, page 163) that were shown in the discussion are for example, Jurors playing games hill the others are talking, throwing papers, etc. As for verbal communication (focuses on how you use words and language, page 163), there are changes in vocal tone by the Jurors that were aggravated by some other Jurors that changed their mind to â€Å"not guilty'. The Conflict starting at the beginning of the movie when the jurors were trying to answer the question, â€Å"Is the suspect guilty? † .Henry Found decided to go against the other 11 Jurors by voting â€Å" not guilty' for the suspect. This raised a â€Å"substantive conflict† (Occurs when a member disagrees about issues, ideas, decisions, actions or goals†, page 211). The group does not like that decision, so the goal cannot be reached. Henry Found was very strong in his vote, so then emerged â€Å"hidden agenda† (A hidden agenda occurs when a member's private goal conflicts with the group's goals, page 38) from the group to try to convince Henry to change his vote because some of them want to go home, and the other thinks that it is too obvious and sticks to their decisions.Henrys conflict style is â€Å"compromise conflict style† (a middle ground approach that involves conceding some goals in order to achieve others, page 218), this works well because if you use compromise conflict Tyler, you are not saying that the other person is wrong, but saying that he has a point, but there is more to it. In the movie when somebody says â€Å"the kid ran away becaus e he is afraid to get caught†, he would reply with â€Å"let's say the kid really ran away †¦ Then he would say his reasoning. In the middle of the movie, there was a â€Å"procedural conflict† (disagreement among group members about the method or process the group uses in its attempt to accomplish a goal, page 212). When a Juror suggested for another vote, one other Juror wanted an open ballot instead of a vote. Toward the middle of the discussion, there are basically two groups that were formed in there, which are the â€Å"guilty' group and the â€Å"not guilty' group.The â€Å"not guilty' group reached â€Å"performing stage†, where all members are fully engaged and eager to work (page 32). They all work together to try to put all the evidence together to see exactly if the testimonies from witnesses are true. Juror no. 3 (the one that said â€Å"not guilty' the last) is very â€Å"aggressive† (acts in their own self-interest at the expense o f others. They are critical, insensitive, combative, and even abusive, page 68). He hoots most of the time, and even gets angry to some of the other Jurors.His conflict style looks like a â€Å"competition conflict style† (group member are more concerned with their own goals than the group†, page 217), because I feel like his pride is a bit in the way of him choosing â€Å"not guilty'. The Juror that has a cold in the beginning of the movie is has â€Å"prejudice† (negative attitudes about other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. Prejudices about an individual or culture group often arise when we have little or no direct experience with that person, page 81) award people who grew in slums.He said that he knows everything about those who grows in slums, that they are aggressive, and does not even speak good English. He mentioned those even without knowing the person he is talking about. During the discussion, some of the members wanted vo tes to see how they are doing so far. This expresses a â€Å"sense of progress†. It is difficult for members to stay motivated throughout the life of the group when they have no idea whether the group is making progress toward its goal (page 147). One of the Jurors even asked for an open ballot to see who is still voting for â€Å"not guilty'.

Marriage vs. Single Life Essay

Living a single life can be significantly different from being married. A marriage traditionally marks the beginning of a family; on the other hand, usually being single means that having a different solo life. A single person would have more independence than a married person. The differences between single and married life range from very small to very large, but there are few core contrasts that show the main differences between the two lifestyles. One of the significant differences between married and single life is freedom. People who are married, their life would be much busier than people’s who are single. Married people have to take care of their children and their partners, while single people do not have family. For instance, if married people want to go out with their friend, they must get permission from their partners, before they go with their friend, whereas single people can spend their time with their friends anywhere and anytime they want. Married people might keep their job and their relationship might be outstanding, but from their wedding onward they must always think as a husband and wife. The decisions they make affect their future together. The things they buy have an impact on both of their finances. Everything they do must be considered from their husband’s or wife’s point of view. When people are single, they only have to consider their own interests when making decisions, but they are also short the emotional support that makes hard decisions easier to accept. The second difference between married and single people is free time. Being married is a lot like a second job. They have to work at it for it to be successful. Married couples need dedicated time to communicate with one another and help each other with their emotional and physical stress. Read more: Essay of Marriage and Single Life They tend to hang out with their spouses more than they hang out with groups of friends. This is not to mean that they lose their friends, but they do tend to spend more time at home with one another than they do out and about. Single people have time for themselves; therefore, they can choose to spend it with their friends, and they can go on weekend outings or just stay home to playing video game. Married couples may choose to do some things either together or separately, but usually with each other’s approval, while single people may choose to do some things by themselves. The third difference between single and married people life is the financial responsibility. Married people have more dependent on and responsibilities for their partner, while single people tend to be more independent, and they have much less responsibility. For example, I am single; I am responsible for one person; myself. If I lose my job, I am the only person who is going to suffer. However, married people have family, so they need to think about and see with their family, before they make any major decisions. Because married people have their spouse and children to care for, this requires a serious promise. This means that day to day decision making is slightly harder for married people than it is for single people. Also, people who are married split their income of each other, so they can solve their financial problems easily than single person. To conclude, the married life and the single life are totally different in three aspects: the way of us freedom, free time, and financial responsibility. In my view, married life is better than single life because married people distribute their problems, and they can solve their problems with the different opinions of one another.

Study Guide Huckleberry Finn

1. How does Huck solve the problem of forgetting his name? Bets Buck that he can't spell his name, and does, so then he knows his name – George Jackson 2. What does Huck think of the Grangerfords? Of their home? He thinks their home is really nice and he really likes the family 3. Huck often makes interesting observations. His comment on Emmeline Grangerford is, â€Å"I reckoned that with her disposition she was having a better time in the graveyard. † What does this shows about Huck? She focused so much on death and people dying that he figured she was in the place she always wanted to be, she was happier there. 4. Why had Emmeline died?Sickness Chapter 18 1. What is the cause of the feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons? It's been going on for 30 years, no one remembers what started it, beyond a legal dispute over land 2. Which side started the shooting? Jason Zhang's side 3. Why is Twain so vague about it? No one can remember how or why the feud started, but in the last year, two people have been killed, including a fourteen-year-old Grangerford. The two families attend church together and hold their rifles between their knees as the minister preaches about brotherly love. 4. Buck tells Huck, â€Å"There ain’t a coward amongst them Shepherdsons – not a one.And there ain’t no cowards amongst the Grangerfords either. † What are the drawbacks to this sort of courage? 5. Why is the topic of the Sunday sermon â€Å"satiric†? the sermon was about brotherly love, and the 2 families are killing each other in a feud 6. What has happened to Jim since the last time Huck has seen him? Jim followed Huck to the shore the night they were wrecked, but did not call out to him, for fear of being caught. Some slaves found the raft Jim was on, but he reclaimed it by threatening the slaves and saying it belonged to his white master. 7. What does Miss Sophie do? runs off with Harney Shepardson . What happens to the var ious Grangerfords? Sophia Grangerford runs off with one of the Shepardsons and a gunfight ensues that kills some of the Grangerfords. 9. What does Huck do? Chapter 19 1. Read aloud Huck’s description of river life that begins, â€Å"Two or three days and nights went by; I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely. † What causes Huck’s new appreciation of life on the raft? the peacefulness of the river, the scenery, the beauty, the ease of living 2. The peaceful interlude on the raft is disturbed by the arrival of the duke and the dauphin (the king).Describe these two â€Å"rapscallions. † liars, con-men, running away from people 3. When the duke and the dauphin first got on the raft, why did they talk to each other and ignore Huck and Jim? They are trying to out do each other in rank to decide who is in charge and who will sleep under the tent. 4. Huck says, â€Å"It didn’t take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn’t no kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. † Why does he pretend to believe them? Huck quickly realizes that the two men they let onto the raft are liars, but to prevent â€Å"quarrels,† he does not let on that he knows.Chapter 20 1. How does Huck explain Jim to the duke and the king? He tells them that his family was hit by a steamboat while they were riding down the Mississippi, and that only he and Jim survived. 2. How do the king and duke treat Huck and Jim? Duke and King has treated Huck and Jim as their own personal servants. Rate This Answer 3. What does the king do at the camp-meeting? cons people for $87 pretending to be a reformed pirate 4. How does the duke arrange for them to travel in the daytime? This chapter paints a fuller picture of the two hitchhikers that Huck and Jim have taken aboard.You will remember that the Gragerfords were first characterized through their possessions. How are these two men drawn? prints a reward poster for Jim & they tie him up so it looks like they are returning him Chapter 21 1. What are the king and the duke getting ready for? performing a play – Romeo and Juliet 2. what kind of a town is Bricksville? Not a good place always looking for lynching someone. 3. Why had Boggs come to town? to kill Colonel Sherburn. 4. What did the â€Å"loafers† think of Boggs’ threats? do not take his threat very seriously, 5. Describe the murder of Boggs.Col. Sherburn shoots him down while he is drunk 6. How did the townspeople react to the murder? They are going to lynch Col. Sherburn Chapter 22 1. Why did the â€Å"Lynching Bee† fail? Because Sherburn tells them they are not men, just a mob and cowards. 2. What does Sherburn think of the men in the mob? Sherburn says the men in the mob are â€Å"beneath pitiful-ness†. Sherburn thinks the men are cowards. 3. Is he right? 4. Sherburn’s speech is the only place in the novel where the point of view shifts for nay length of time. Why, at this point, does Twain let Sherburn take over?We need Sherburn to speak because he is a MAN, Huck wouldn't be able to have the same effect on the reader. 5. Why does Huck enjoy the circus so much? pleasant relief from the king and the duke and the problems helping Jim escape. 6. How successful is the Shakespearean Revival? The Shakespearean Revival that is put on by the duke and the dauphin in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not very successful. The characters don't really care if it's successful though as they are using it for a cover to scam people. 7. How does the duke plan to get an audience for the low-comedy presentation? 8.Compare the incident at the circus with the shooting of Boggs. In what ways are the situations similar? How does Huck’s response differ from the crowd’s in both instances? They are both drunk, they are both in danger. With Boggs, he is curious, with the circus he's afraid for the man Chapter 23 1. Why doesn’t the audience â€Å"take care of† the king and the duke after the first performance? 2. What happens on the third night? 3. Discuss Huck and Jim’s comments on royalty in this chapter. Is it believable for Huck to know so much history? Explain. 4. Why is Huck amazed at Jim’s mourning his home and family? 5.What does the story of ‘Lizabeth show about Jim? Chapter 24 1. Why is Jim dressed up like a sick Arab? 2. Huck’s last statement in this chapter is, â€Å"It was enough to make a body ashamed of the human race. † What is Huck talking about? 3. How does Twain make it believable for the two rogues to impersonate the Wilks brothers? Chapter 25 1. Huck describes the tearful scene at the Wilkses as the most disgusting thing he has ever seen. Does he mean only the king’s performance? 2. Why does the king give the money to Mary Jane? 3. Have the â€Å"rapscallions† hood-winked everybody? Chapter 26 1. Wh at decision does Huck make? . What are the plans of the king and the duke? Chapter 27 1. Where did Huck hide the gold? 2. Describe the undertaker. 3. Where is the humor in Huck’s observation, â€Å"There warn’t no more popular man in town than what the undertaker was†? 4. How are the king’s plans progressing? Chapter 28 1. What is special about Mary Jane? 2. Why is she the only person to whom Huck tells the truth? Chapter 29 1. Why do the men decide to dig up the corpse? 2. Huck concludes the chapter by saying, â€Å"So I wilted right down onto the planks then, and give up; and it was all I could do to keep from crying. † What’s bothering Huck?Chapter 30 1. Why are the king and the duke fighting? 2. Why do they get back together? Chapter 31 1. What do the king and duke do to Jim? 2. Why does Huck write Miss Watson? 3. Why does he tear up the letter? 4. Huck has rebelled against civilization before. At Miss Watson’s he smoked, played h ookey, and left his room nights to sleep in the woods. What is different about this decision? 5. Tearing up the letter to Miss Watson has been described as one of the great moments in American history. A southern boy breaks free of the social convention that surrounds him and risks his soul to free a Negro slave.Why is Huck just the boy to tear up that letter? 6. Discuss the implications of Huck’s conclusion, â€Å"All right, then. I’ll go to hell. † 7. Huck again encounters the duke. What happens? Chapter 32 1. What is Huck’s new name? 2. Why is that convenient for Huck? Chapter 33 1. Why is Huck surprised at Tom’s willingness to rescue Jim? 2. Why is Tom willing to do it? 3. What new identity does Tom assume? 4. How does Huck feel when he sees the king and duke tarred and feathered? 5. Do they deserve his pity? 6. Why is Huck so annoyed with his conscience? 7.Does the fact that both Tom and Huck are on the plantation add to or detract from the pl ot? Chapter 34 1. How did Tom figure out where Jim was? 2. Compare Huck’s plan for freeing Jim with Tom’s 3. What does Huck think of Tom’s fancy touches? 4. What are the dangers of Tom’s approach? 5. Some critics think that Jim’s rescue is an inappropriate ending to the novel. They wonder how Huck, with his new maturity, can consent to Tom’s foolish scheme. Do you agree with these critics? Why or why not? Chapter 35 1. What is the whole chapter, â€Å"Dark, Deep-Laid Plans† about? Chapter 36 1.Huck says, â€Å"When I start to steal a nigger, or a watermelon, or a Sunday-school book, I ain’t no ways particular how it’s done so it’s done. † How would Tom feel about this statement? 2. Why does Jim agree to go along with everything? 3. What’s Nat’s problem? Chapter 37 1. What is the topic of conversation at the breakfast table? 2. How does Tom manage to get the things he needs for the escape? 3. D escribe the baking of the witch pie. Chapter 38 1. What is the irony involved in the fetching of the grindstone? 2. Why does Tom try to talk Jim into keeping a pet rattlesnake? Rats? . What purpose does this chapter serve? 4. Describe Jim’s ordeal. Chapter 39 1. Why does Tom write anonymous letters? 2. What does he say in them? Chapter 40 1. What does Huck find when he goes into the setting-room? 2. When the butter melts down Huck’s face, what does Aunt Sally think it is? 3. What one thing really goes wrong in the escape? 4. When Huck says, â€Å"I knowed he was white inside, and I reckoned he’s say what he did say,† what is he talking about? Chapter 41 1. Why doesn’t Huck go with the doctor? 2. How does he explain his absence to Uncle Silas? 3. What is Old Mrs.Hotchkiss’ theory? 4. Why doesn’t Huck go check on Tom that night? Chapter 42 1. Why don’t they hang Jim? 2. What does the doctor think of Jim? 3. What does Tom tell Aun t Sally? 4. Why had Tom worked so hard to set Jim free when he was already free? 5. Who arrives on the scene to really straighten things out? Last Chapter 1. What were Tom’s plans concerning Jim after he was free? 2. What does Huck find out about his father? 3. Does it seem right that Huck has been an orphan all along? 4. Where is Huck bound for at the end of the novel? 5. Why does Huck reject civilization?