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“A Scherzo A Shy Persons Wishes” Analysis Essay

What is the state of mind of â€Å"A Scherzo A Shy Persons Wishes.† How is the temperament passed on and what impact does it hav...

Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Environmental Factors Essay

(A) Selection of an Organization –   Ã‚  M/S GE Tractors M/s GE Tractors produces tractors, and dairy machines. Tractors are allotted to the Michigan unit in view of its location in the natural market zone for tractors. To supplement GE tractor production, a second tractor assembly line for 45 HP and 59 HP tractors has been in operation since 1985 at Michigan to meet the requirements of tractors in that area. It diversified its product range to provide cushion for the cyclical variations in the market and position itself globally. Besides supplying its products all over USA it has made its position globally. It is exporting tractors and related dairy machines to Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, most of the European countries, Africa and Asian continent.   A specific goal of 7,000 tractors worth $50 million in the coming 1-3 years is targeted so that there is a sustained growth in volume say 5% per annum. (B)High-level domestic and global environmental factors that may impact the organization marketing decision Business planning is basically concerned with the structuring of the relationship between a business and its environment. The environment in which business operates has a greater influence on their successes or failures. There is a strong linkage between the changing environment, the strategic response of the business to such changes and the performance. It is important to understand the forces of environment the way they influence this linkage. The environment which is dynamic and changing holds both opportunities and threats for the organizations. The organizations while attempting at strategic realignments, try to capture these opportunities and avoid the emerging threats. At the same time the changes in the environment affect the attractiveness or risk levels of various investments of the organizations or the investors. The environment in which the business operates broadly consist of the  Ã‚   Political, Ethical, Social, Cultural aspects, Technological and the Ecological related issues like pollution, sustainability etc. The Technological temper and its progress has been the key driver behind the major changes witnessed in the environment making it increasingly complex. These factors often overlap and the developments in one area may influence developments in other. Careful analysis of the above factors helps in identifying major trends for different industries.   Changes in these external forces affect the changes in consumer demand for both industrial and consumer products and services. These external forces affect the above company i.e. M/s GE Tractors regarding the types of products produced, the nature of positioning them and market segmentation strategies, the types of services offered and choice of business. Therefore, it becomes important for the organizations to identify and evaluate environmental opportunities and threats so as to develop a clear mission, designing strategies to achieve long-term objectives and develop policies to achieve short-term goals. (C) Technology impacts the organizations marketing decisions Technological factors represent major opportunities and threats which must be taken into account while formulating strategies. Technological breakthroughs can dramatically influence the organization’s products, services markets, suppliers, distributors, competitors, customers, manufacturing processes, marketing practices and competitive position. M/s GE Tractors is investing heavily in R& D projects to bring out new models   hence Technological advancements can open up new markets, change the relative position of an industry and render existing products and services obsolete. Technological changes can reduce or eliminate cost barriers between businesses, create shorter production runs, create shortages in technical skills and result in changing values and expectations of customers and employees. changing The impact of information technology (IT) which combines fruits of both telecommunications and computers has been revolutionary in every field. Not only has it opened up new vistas of business but also has changed the way the businesses are done. IT has specifically brought in another dimension Speed which organizations recognize as the additional source of competitive advantage beyond low cost and differentiation. Manufacturers, bankers and retailers have used IT to carry out their traditional tasks at lower costs and deliver higher value added products and services. (D)Importance of social responsibility and ethics as related to organizations marketing Social: Demographic characteristics such as population, age distribution, literacy levels, inter-state migration, rural-urban mobility, income distribution etc. are the key indicators for understanding the demographic impact on environment.   The growing number of senior citizens and their livelihood needs have been highlighted and the government is being forced to pay more attention in the form of social security benefits etc. Social attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, rituals and practices also influence business practices in a major way. Social values and beliefs are important as they affect the buying behavior. The spread of consumerism, the rise of the middle class with high disposable income, the flashy lifestyles of people working in software, telecom, media and multinational companies seem to have changed the socio-cultural scenario and these needs to be understood deeply. Values in society also determine the work culture, approach towards stakeholders and the various responsibilities the organization thinks of owing to its stockholders and the society. Ethics: Considering Literacy and the composition of literates in the country creates opportunities for particular type of industries and type of jobs. For example on one hand , the presence of multimillionaires in middle east countries encouraged many software giants to set up shops and on the other , the availability of cheap labor ,those countries have become a destination of labor intensive projects. Large labor mobility across different occupations and regions has cut down wage differentials and this has an impact for business to take the proper course. Understanding of the environment in which an organization operates is the foremost pre-requisite towards strategy formulation. The six broad dimensions which the framework provides of the environment are capable of giving a comprehensive overview of how things may be unfolding. The objective of the analysis should not only restrict to the present and past but the real focus should be on projecting the trends into future in order to get the real feel of the environment. This shall enable the firm to proactively strategize for future considering the environment it is going to face and the issues which will be of importance.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Immigration Reform

Immigration and Immigration Reform Haley Johnson Axia College of University of Phoenix Thesis Statement: More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. Immigration and Immigration Reform The number of illegal immigrants who come into the United States each year is staggering, and the numbers just keep on increasing. Three million illegal immigrants come into the United States every year. (Bush 2009) This has been an increasing problem, and one that greatly affects the United States and its citizens. More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. [pic] Immigration has been responsible for religious changes, cultural change and population growth throughout the history of the United States. The political, economic, and social aspects of immigration have created much controversy in regards to religion, ethnicity, job security, job growth, economic benefits, where people live, not to mention impact on upward social growth, amount of criminal activity, moral values, and work habits. As of 2006, the United States has allowed more illegal immigrants to become permanent residents, more than any other country in the world. (Bush 2009) Some of these reforms can be clearly seen in a study performed by The Center of Immigration Studies. For example in â€Å"1995 immigration costs us a net $29 billion a year. That was more than the combined budgets of the Departments of State, Justice and Interior. ) Those costs include areas such as education, health care, and welfare programs used by immigrants. That estimate would be much higher today, because the wave of illegal immigration has continued unchecked, and legal immigrant admission has continued to grow to a historically high level. † (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) [pic] Illegal immigrants have also placed a strain on our educational system, according to the center of immigration studies (2005), a study was performed in 2004 that stated that taxpayers were spending $28. 6 billion dollars in school and school related coast â€Å"each† year. Costs Table from the October 1996 Huddle Study | |Program (amounts in billion $s) |Legal |Illegal |Total | |Public Education K-12 |$14. 38 |$5. 85 |$20. 23 | |Public Higher Education |$5. 55 |$0. 71 |$6. 26 | |ESL and Bilingual Education |$2. 82 |$1. 22 |$4. 04 | |Food Stamps |$2. 81 |$0. 85 |$3. 6 | |AFDC |$2. 71 |$0. 50 |$3. 21 | |Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |$2. 76 |n/a |$2. 76 | |Housing |$2. 37 |$0. 61 |$2. 98 | |Social Security |$21. 92 |$3. 61 |$25. 53 | |Earned Income Tax Credit |$3. 69 |$0. 68 |$4. 37 | |Medicaid |$11. 3 |$3. 12 |$14. 55 | |Medicare A and B |$5. 49 |$0. 58 |$6. 07 | |Criminal Justice and Corrections |$2. 32 |$0. 76 |$3. 08 | |Local Government |$15. 32 |$5. 00 |$20. 32 | |Other Programs |$18. 41 |$9. 25 |$27. 66 | |Total Costs |$111. 98 |$32. 74 |$144. 0 | |Less Taxes Paid |$82. 38 |$12. 59 |$94. 97 | |Net Costs of Direct Services |$29. 60 |$20. 16 |$49. 76 | |Displacement Costs |$10. 96 |$4. 28 |$15. 24 | |All Net Costs |$40. 56 |$24. 44 |$65. 00 | |Percent of Net Costs |62. 4% |37. 6% |100% | Table By (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) This and other forms of abuse on the U. S have been the topic of much controversy on how this problem should be dealt with. There has been a multitude of different opinions on, how and what we should do at the border. What we should do with immigrants who are currently living in the United States; and how all of these illegal immigrants have impacted the economy of the United States. These are a few of the reforms that former President Bush had proposed so as to slow down the number of illegal immigrants that come into the United States each year. The return and removal of illegal immigrants from the United States is one of the most widely discussed topics. Since 2007the United States Customs and Border Protection (ICE) has returned or removed over 1. 2 million illegal immigrants from the United States. ICE has expanded its Criminal Alien Program to included incarcerated criminal illegal aliens. In 2007, ICE identified 164,296 convicted criminals who were incarcerated in Federal, state and local penitentiaries (These are people who came into the United States illegally and committed a crime. These people were sent back to their native counties once there prison term was completed. There has also been an increase of fugitive teams from 15 in 2005 to 75 in 2007. These â€Å"teams† are sole responsible for removing fugitive aliens from the United States then transporting them back to there native countries. (Bush 2009) Improving border security is another important factor in the Country’s continued efforts in protec ting our borders. More than 85% of apprehended illegal immigrants are from Mexico, most are immediately returned across the border within 24 hours. But there are â€Å"non –Mexican† immigrants that are apprehended and cannot be immediately retuned, those people are given a court date to return (75 percent of those people failed to appear), this is a direct result of there simply not being enough bed space available in the detention centers. Out of 160,000 non-Mexicans last year only 30,000 were, in fact, sent home. (Bush 2009) The United States also faces other immigration challenges, like what to do with illegal immigrants once they are already â€Å"in† the country. After all most of our agricultural farming is done by illegal immigrants. Former President Bush came up with some procedures to regulate the influx of immigrants coming into the United States to perform these labor intensive jobs. By establishing these new persuaders and regulations the agricultural community will still receive the labor it needs to run effectively, thereby reducing the cost and helping our economy prosper. DHS is working on regulations to streamline H-2B Program and to allow X amount of green cards to be given to illegal immigrants and migrant workers, that way they could be more easily tracked. That way the government can collect taxes from them, which will improve our economy, while still allowing the agricultural community to still use seasonal or day laborers. (Bush 2009) Then there is also the fact of illegal immigrants who are already currently in the country. What should be done with them? Former President Bush came up with some more ideas. He had devised a revised Naturalization exam that was completed in September of 2007 and worked to get a free web-based program so immigrant can learn English. This is being completed by the Education Department) Also he had arranged for the Office of Citizenship to provide knowledgeable volunteers to assist illegal immigrants through the citizenship and naturalization process, free of charge. (Bush 2009) Even though all these measures have been put into effect so as to slowdown the amount of illegal immigrants that come in each year though our borders, there are still THREE Million people entering the United States illegally each year. Bush 2009) In 1986 Congress decided to amend the Immigration and control act of 1952. Congress felt the immigration was getting â€Å"out of control† and there needed to be a change, about thirty to fifty percent of the growth in the U. S was due to illegal immigration. So Congress felt that the best way to deal with the problem was eliminate the incentive for people to come into the country illegally, to make it harder for employers to hire illegal’s and for them to receive government benefits. But this tactic seamed futile, since then illegal immigration has just grown. [pic] So what should be done, to lessen the flow of illegal into the United States? And who should be held accountable? President Barack Obama has stated that he wants to improve our immigration System. One of the ways is by giving citizenship to illegal immigrants who have children born in the United States so to allow families to remain together. In addition President Barack Obama plans to remove all incentives for people to cross the borders. President Barack Obama plans to do that by cracking down on employers that are â€Å"knowingly† hiring illegal immigrants. He also has plans to work with Mexico so as to improve their economic growth, there by reducing the need for people to cross the borders illegally, so as to obtain jobs needed to support themselves and there families. (Obama 2009) Times are changing, our county is facing a financial crisis where we can no longer stand by and allow our countries money and recourses to be used up by illegal immigrants. We have to protect our borders; I propose that we spend less money on government â€Å"Bail of money† and we put more money and our recourses into protecting our country. In turn this will help our economic growth, by placing less of a strain on our hospitals ($250 million each year) and our education expenses ($28. 6 billion dollars annually). The government should make it a rule at â€Å"every† undocumented persons receiving these types of benefits should be sent back to their county. Let they own country of origin have to deal with these billion dollar expenses. New Jersey is considered one of the states that have the highest growth in illegal immigration. Every day there illegal’s waiting on the corners to be picked up as day labors. Why dose INS not check more frequently and pick up these â€Å"know† illegal’s? Instead INS and the local police department’s turn a blind eye. INS should make random spot checks in know immigrant communities and business so as to lessen the amount of illegal immigrants that come into the United States. Besides there being an economic drain of the United States illegal immigrants can be a â€Å"security risk† to the U. S. All of the billions of dollars that are being given out to these fortune five hundred companies should be redirected towards our countries security and financial stability. Each year more illegal immigrants come into this country taking away our jobs, not allowing our dollar to circulate within the country, there by not permitting the money to circulate through the United States, as well as placing a finical drain on our country. We as the people of this fine country need to reevaluate what we plan to do about this increasing problem. Decide what can be done and put those thoughts into action. Remember there are THREE million illegal immigrants coming into this country each year (Bush 2009) and over $28 BILLION dollars going towards illegal immigrants, education, medical expenses, and government programs. (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) References Page The White House  (2009) Website has many intrusting new policies about immigration reform. White House. (2009). Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. whitehouse. gov The Website Barack Obama (2009) lays out what Barack Obama will do once he pronounced president. Obama, B, (2009). Plan for immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. barackobama. com Federation for American immigration reform (January 2009) provides statistical and legal issues regarding immigration in the U. S (2009) Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 http://www. fairus. org/site/PageServer? pagename=research_research9605 NA. (2006, June) â€Å"Economy factors into immigration debate. †Ã‚  American City & County  121. 6  . Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile. Database Rytine, N. (2002, October) â€Å"Effects of Immigration Reform and Control Act legalization through 2001. † , â€Å"Exhibit 1-IRCA Legalization: Temporary Residence, Permanent Residence, and Naturalization through 2001,† in IRCA Legalization Effects: Lawful Permanent Residence and Naturalization through 2001, U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Byram, J. (2004, March) â€Å"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. †Ã‚  Major Acts of Congress. Ed. Brian K. Landsberg. Vol. 2. New York:  Macmillan Reference USA,   2004. 2  pp. 3  vols. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Immigration and Immigration Reform 11 References Page Holland, H. (2008, November)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government contractors hiring undocumented workers: national security implications and solutions. †Ã‚  Public Contract Law Journal  36. 2  (Wntr 2007):  263(14). Retrieved May 11, 2009 from  General OneFile Database Fennelly,K. (2007, February)†U. S. immigration: a historical perspective. †National Voter 56. 2:4(4) Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile Database Immigration Reform Immigration Reform Team C – Sivi Contreras, Jenifer Navarro, Angela Hernandez BCOM/275 February 5, 2013 Gloria Flores ABSTRACT The debate over immigration has become one of the most heated arguments. Immigrants leave their home countries desperate need for food to feed their families, unemployment purposes, their poverty conditions environment, for those who are employed are tired of the below market wages, and the unequal treatment. Today they are about 11 million undocumented workers in the United States and Americans fear that because of this matter, immigrants will increase cost, overwhelm the country, and change American society.Immigration Reform Immigration statistics will prove how rapidly immigration is increasing, including the importance of the Dream Act, the Immigration reform, and its pros and cons. Systems that will help families that want to be in the United States, but in return help the economy. The purposes of the new Immigration reform are to accomplish a ne w economic picture, by creating ideas of improving our border security; workplace enforcement; to help those whom are seeking permanent residence; and new ways to improve the immigration system. StatisticsThey are about 12 to 15 million undocumented workers and families illegally in the United States and about 1,042,625 are obtaining legal permanent resident. California and Texas are the top states with the highest population of immigration. New York Times article included that this year’s cost of immigration was 13,000,000,000, including 52,000,000,000 for education, and 1,400,000 number of illegal immigrant households that use at least one welfare service. In a (2007) report the heritage foundation added that â€Å"For every $1 they contribute to Social Security, low-skilled illegal aliens withdraw $10 in total government benefits.Just looking at one federal benefits program, Social Security, is sure to lead a person to a wrong answer because there are more than 60 differe nt federal benefit programs. Their children born in the US are, or one person in the household is legal and can get benefits that help everybody in the household, or the individuals use fraudulent documents to obtain benefits. † What will charts look like in the future with this matter? Most of us that consider â€Å"green card† are a legal document allowing an immigrant to live and work in the United States.Another form for immigrants that does not require labor purposes is a Refugee. A Refugee is known as a form of protection for those whom cannot return to their original hometown because of fear of being harmed. In 2011 a total of 56,384 persons were approved to go to the United States as refugees. Part of the immigration reform is to bring a better life to any human who fears their country because of persecution of race, religion, and nationality. About 9,550 individuals who applied were approved for asylum with travel documents to enter the United States and 24,988 individuals were granted asylum.These statistics were based on 2011 reports and are rapidly increasing because of this matter we are starting to worry. The Heritage Foundation addressed that the illegal alien lobby frequently touts the statistic that illegal alien workers contribute $7 billion each year to Social Security. But it costs $14. 2 billion each year to imprison illegal aliens for other crimes they commit. It’s as if they are putting money into one of Uncle Sam’s pockets, while pilfering twice the amount from the other (2007 report). If this immigration continues to grow at this level nation's population will increase from 301 million today to 468 million.Dream Act What is Dream Act? It is the legislation that provides immigration status to undocumented immigrants who entered United States while being minors. During 2001 the original bill was called the development relief and education for alien minors act. The public engagement of the white House posted on their web 10 reasons why they needed the Dream Act. Summarizing argument's that two secretaries including other people have made for the act. The dream act will help our economy marketing easier for immigration enforcements efforts on undocumented immigrants â€Å"Who pose a threat to our country† (Zehr, 2010,).The development relief and education for aliens minors act or dream act provide a path for legalization for undocumented high school graduates who meet the requirements of completing two years of college, military service, have entered United States before the age of 16, must be between the age of 12 and 35 to complete the application, good moral character, and no criminal record. If the congress passed the dream act it would add $329 billion to U. S. economy impacting it by $181 billion creating 1. 4 million new jobs and more than $10 billion increase revenue by 2030.Many Dream Act opponents call it an immigration amnesty. They say the proposal would immediately rewar d immigrant children with conditional lawful permanent resident status – and, in just a few years, they would become U. S. Citizens. Their criticisms do not reflect how immigration agencies operate immigration reform will be addressed by the Obama administration this year. Republican senators they were ready to announce the outline of a broad immigration reform bill that would include a path to â€Å"earned legalization† for immigrants living illegally in this country.The pros of the dream act is that there are currently 13 to 20 million illegal immigrants in the United States we cannot deport them all but there is a solution The Dream Act will make a difference having a highest portion of graduates by 2020 increasing taxes and the service. Nelger Carrera is a writer of theroundupnews. com he is describing the con of Dream Act. â€Å"He thinks that President Barack Obama gain votes from Hispanics so he could win the presidency. † † (Carrera, 2011,) an arti cle online had a quote from columnist George Will saying that we are importing poverty from other countries.That is why poor people from other countries are coming to United States for the reason that the money they make here is a fortune compared to where they use to live. Illegal immigrants come to U. S. to make or ask for money example welfare, financial aid or any dream act benefits. We all are to benefit from The Dream Act for the reason that the economy will rise for everyone not just immigrants. The Dream Act is a common sense proposal that would benefit not just those who qualify for it but all Americans as these young people they can one day become leaders in our communities, churches, and Nation. â€Å"Five Moral Arguments Against The Dream Act†, Copyright  © Townhall. com. All Rights Reserved. ). Five moral arguments against The Dream Act were, The Dream Act fulfills the parents principle reason for breaking the law in the first place, The Dream Act would touch-o ff an even greater wave or illegal immigration, The Dream Act absolves illegal aliens of their fundamental responsibilities as parents, The absence of a reward or benefit is not the same as a punishment, and Adults have the obligation to do the right thing, even if their parents have done the wrong thing. (Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Ill. There will always be different points of views and opinions on any type of legislation especially when it comes to a controversial topic such as immigration. Pros and Cons to Immigration Reform. As with any debate there are pros and cons to this issue, and immigration reform is no different. According to â€Å"Procon. org† (n. d. ) website â€Å"The top ten areas that create a lot of debate are: Using the term â€Å"illegal alien†, Amnesty, Deportation, Mexican Border Fence, Civilian Border Patrols, Terrorist Threat, Economic Burden, Drivers licenses for Illegal Aliens, Using State and local Law Enforcement vs.National Only, and Border Milit arization. † Two of the areas that we will discuss are Amnesty and Deportation. Amnesty has been a sore spot for many Americans who feel that the undocumented immigrants would get a free pass to becoming citizens. Others feel that due to the volume of people that fit the category of undocumented immigrants, there should be a reform, and Amnesty is an option. On the PRO side of this debate, According to Thornburg (2007) â€Å"Whether you fine illegal aliens or stick them in English classes or make them say a hundred Hail Mary’s, at the end of the day, illegals would be allowed to stay and become citizens. â€Å"That's amnesty, and that's a good thing for America. Amnesty won't depress wages – globalization has already done that. Amnesty will not undermine the rule of law. It sounds counterintuitive, but with immigration, forgiving a crime may be the best way to restore law and order. † (Thornburg, 2007). Amnesty won't necessarily add to the social-services burden. Amnesty would offer millions a fighting chance at self-sufficiency and social mobility. † (Thornburg, 2007). On the CON side: â€Å"Do not grant amnesty to illegal aliens. Regardless of the penalties imposed, any program hat grants individuals who are unlawfully present the legal permission to remain here rewards illegal behavior and is unfair to those who obey the law and go through the regulatory and administrative requirements to enter the country legally. † (Heritage, 2007). â€Å"Those who enter the United States illegally should not be rewarded with permanent legal status or other such benefits, and they should be penalized in any road to citizenship. Those who enter and remain in the country illegally are violating the law, and condoning or encouraging such violations increases the likelihood of further illegal immigration. (Heritage, 2007).In regards to deportation we have heard many positions, especially during the Presidential debates. Governor Romne y wanted for illegal immigrants to â€Å"self deport† meaning make things so difficult for them that they have no choice but to go back to their country. Some of the views on the PRO side, According to (Guzzardi, 2007) â€Å"deporting aliens is as easy as one, two, and three. The next time you hear U. S. President George W. Bush or U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff say how impossible immigration enforcement is, remember this simple formula: one, go to where you know aliens are; two, arrest them; three, deport them.Don’t bother asking where aliens hang out. † The better question is where they aren’t hanging out. Go to a bus stop, a taco truck, a convenience store, the post office or an auto repair shop. (Guzzardi, 2007). â€Å"No need to round them all up at once. Just arrest one or two every day at different locations around town and the message will soon get out. † (Guzzardi, 2007). On the side of CON: â€Å"I have listened to and understand the concerns of those who simply advocate sealing our borders and rounding up and deporting undocumented workers currently in residence here.But that's easier said than done. † (McCain, 2005). I have yet to hear a single proponent of this point of view offer one realistic proposal for locating, apprehending, and returning to their countries of origin over 11 million people. How do we do that? It would take 200,000 buses extending along a 1700 mile long line to deport 11 million people. That's assuming we had the resources to locate and apprehend all 11 million, or even half that number, which we don't have and, we all know, won't ever have. † (McCain, 2005).The country has been divided for decades, however with the new Immigration Reform initiatives that have unfolded over the past two weeks, it is apparent that President Obama, wants to make a decision on this issue. The politicians are coming together to put a plan together and do what is right for the country. The teams consensus believes in Immigration Reform and we want to see something passed where those that are in this situation, can remain in the United States legally, and that will not tear apart families. We believe we all have the right to a better future and that our country was founded on immigrants.In the pros and cons, the human factor is what persuaded us to be in favor of immigration reform. References Balanced Politics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. balancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm Carrera, N. (2011, September 28). Con: DREAM Act. theroundupnews. com. Retrieved from http://theroundupnews. com/2011/09/28/con-dream-act/ Department of Homeland Security. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. dhs. gov/immigration- statistics Dream Act 2013. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. dreamact2009. org Five Moral Arguments Against the DREAM Act. (Copyright  © Townhall. com. All Rights Reserved. ).Retrieved from http://townhall. com/columnists/iramehlman/2011/07/01/ five_moral_arguments_against_the_dream_act/page/full Guzzardi, J. (2007). Procon. org. Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Heritage Foundation. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. heritage. org McCain, J. (2005). Procon. org. Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Policymic. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. policymic. com/articles/21399/immigration ProCon. org. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. procon. org Thornburgh, N. (2007). ProCon. org . Retrieved from http://www. procon. org US Immigration Reform. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. usaimmigrationreform. org Immigration Reform Immigration and Immigration Reform Haley Johnson Axia College of University of Phoenix Thesis Statement: More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. Immigration and Immigration Reform The number of illegal immigrants who come into the United States each year is staggering, and the numbers just keep on increasing. Three million illegal immigrants come into the United States every year. (Bush 2009) This has been an increasing problem, and one that greatly affects the United States and its citizens. More and more immigrants are coming in to the United States each year, and we as a nation should truly reevaluate our immigration policies. [pic] Immigration has been responsible for religious changes, cultural change and population growth throughout the history of the United States. The political, economic, and social aspects of immigration have created much controversy in regards to religion, ethnicity, job security, job growth, economic benefits, where people live, not to mention impact on upward social growth, amount of criminal activity, moral values, and work habits. As of 2006, the United States has allowed more illegal immigrants to become permanent residents, more than any other country in the world. (Bush 2009) Some of these reforms can be clearly seen in a study performed by The Center of Immigration Studies. For example in â€Å"1995 immigration costs us a net $29 billion a year. That was more than the combined budgets of the Departments of State, Justice and Interior. ) Those costs include areas such as education, health care, and welfare programs used by immigrants. That estimate would be much higher today, because the wave of illegal immigration has continued unchecked, and legal immigrant admission has continued to grow to a historically high level. † (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) [pic] Illegal immigrants have also placed a strain on our educational system, according to the center of immigration studies (2005), a study was performed in 2004 that stated that taxpayers were spending $28. 6 billion dollars in school and school related coast â€Å"each† year. Costs Table from the October 1996 Huddle Study | |Program (amounts in billion $s) |Legal |Illegal |Total | |Public Education K-12 |$14. 38 |$5. 85 |$20. 23 | |Public Higher Education |$5. 55 |$0. 71 |$6. 26 | |ESL and Bilingual Education |$2. 82 |$1. 22 |$4. 04 | |Food Stamps |$2. 81 |$0. 85 |$3. 6 | |AFDC |$2. 71 |$0. 50 |$3. 21 | |Supplemental Security Income (SSI) |$2. 76 |n/a |$2. 76 | |Housing |$2. 37 |$0. 61 |$2. 98 | |Social Security |$21. 92 |$3. 61 |$25. 53 | |Earned Income Tax Credit |$3. 69 |$0. 68 |$4. 37 | |Medicaid |$11. 3 |$3. 12 |$14. 55 | |Medicare A and B |$5. 49 |$0. 58 |$6. 07 | |Criminal Justice and Corrections |$2. 32 |$0. 76 |$3. 08 | |Local Government |$15. 32 |$5. 00 |$20. 32 | |Other Programs |$18. 41 |$9. 25 |$27. 66 | |Total Costs |$111. 98 |$32. 74 |$144. 0 | |Less Taxes Paid |$82. 38 |$12. 59 |$94. 97 | |Net Costs of Direct Services |$29. 60 |$20. 16 |$49. 76 | |Displacement Costs |$10. 96 |$4. 28 |$15. 24 | |All Net Costs |$40. 56 |$24. 44 |$65. 00 | |Percent of Net Costs |62. 4% |37. 6% |100% | Table By (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) This and other forms of abuse on the U. S have been the topic of much controversy on how this problem should be dealt with. There has been a multitude of different opinions on, how and what we should do at the border. What we should do with immigrants who are currently living in the United States; and how all of these illegal immigrants have impacted the economy of the United States. These are a few of the reforms that former President Bush had proposed so as to slow down the number of illegal immigrants that come into the United States each year. The return and removal of illegal immigrants from the United States is one of the most widely discussed topics. Since 2007the United States Customs and Border Protection (ICE) has returned or removed over 1. 2 million illegal immigrants from the United States. ICE has expanded its Criminal Alien Program to included incarcerated criminal illegal aliens. In 2007, ICE identified 164,296 convicted criminals who were incarcerated in Federal, state and local penitentiaries (These are people who came into the United States illegally and committed a crime. These people were sent back to their native counties once there prison term was completed. There has also been an increase of fugitive teams from 15 in 2005 to 75 in 2007. These â€Å"teams† are sole responsible for removing fugitive aliens from the United States then transporting them back to there native countries. (Bush 2009) Improving border security is another important factor in the Country’s continued efforts in protec ting our borders. More than 85% of apprehended illegal immigrants are from Mexico, most are immediately returned across the border within 24 hours. But there are â€Å"non –Mexican† immigrants that are apprehended and cannot be immediately retuned, those people are given a court date to return (75 percent of those people failed to appear), this is a direct result of there simply not being enough bed space available in the detention centers. Out of 160,000 non-Mexicans last year only 30,000 were, in fact, sent home. (Bush 2009) The United States also faces other immigration challenges, like what to do with illegal immigrants once they are already â€Å"in† the country. After all most of our agricultural farming is done by illegal immigrants. Former President Bush came up with some procedures to regulate the influx of immigrants coming into the United States to perform these labor intensive jobs. By establishing these new persuaders and regulations the agricultural community will still receive the labor it needs to run effectively, thereby reducing the cost and helping our economy prosper. DHS is working on regulations to streamline H-2B Program and to allow X amount of green cards to be given to illegal immigrants and migrant workers, that way they could be more easily tracked. That way the government can collect taxes from them, which will improve our economy, while still allowing the agricultural community to still use seasonal or day laborers. (Bush 2009) Then there is also the fact of illegal immigrants who are already currently in the country. What should be done with them? Former President Bush came up with some more ideas. He had devised a revised Naturalization exam that was completed in September of 2007 and worked to get a free web-based program so immigrant can learn English. This is being completed by the Education Department) Also he had arranged for the Office of Citizenship to provide knowledgeable volunteers to assist illegal immigrants through the citizenship and naturalization process, free of charge. (Bush 2009) Even though all these measures have been put into effect so as to slowdown the amount of illegal immigrants that come in each year though our borders, there are still THREE Million people entering the United States illegally each year. Bush 2009) In 1986 Congress decided to amend the Immigration and control act of 1952. Congress felt the immigration was getting â€Å"out of control† and there needed to be a change, about thirty to fifty percent of the growth in the U. S was due to illegal immigration. So Congress felt that the best way to deal with the problem was eliminate the incentive for people to come into the country illegally, to make it harder for employers to hire illegal’s and for them to receive government benefits. But this tactic seamed futile, since then illegal immigration has just grown. [pic] So what should be done, to lessen the flow of illegal into the United States? And who should be held accountable? President Barack Obama has stated that he wants to improve our immigration System. One of the ways is by giving citizenship to illegal immigrants who have children born in the United States so to allow families to remain together. In addition President Barack Obama plans to remove all incentives for people to cross the borders. President Barack Obama plans to do that by cracking down on employers that are â€Å"knowingly† hiring illegal immigrants. He also has plans to work with Mexico so as to improve their economic growth, there by reducing the need for people to cross the borders illegally, so as to obtain jobs needed to support themselves and there families. (Obama 2009) Times are changing, our county is facing a financial crisis where we can no longer stand by and allow our countries money and recourses to be used up by illegal immigrants. We have to protect our borders; I propose that we spend less money on government â€Å"Bail of money† and we put more money and our recourses into protecting our country. In turn this will help our economic growth, by placing less of a strain on our hospitals ($250 million each year) and our education expenses ($28. 6 billion dollars annually). The government should make it a rule at â€Å"every† undocumented persons receiving these types of benefits should be sent back to their county. Let they own country of origin have to deal with these billion dollar expenses. New Jersey is considered one of the states that have the highest growth in illegal immigration. Every day there illegal’s waiting on the corners to be picked up as day labors. Why dose INS not check more frequently and pick up these â€Å"know† illegal’s? Instead INS and the local police department’s turn a blind eye. INS should make random spot checks in know immigrant communities and business so as to lessen the amount of illegal immigrants that come into the United States. Besides there being an economic drain of the United States illegal immigrants can be a â€Å"security risk† to the U. S. All of the billions of dollars that are being given out to these fortune five hundred companies should be redirected towards our countries security and financial stability. Each year more illegal immigrants come into this country taking away our jobs, not allowing our dollar to circulate within the country, there by not permitting the money to circulate through the United States, as well as placing a finical drain on our country. We as the people of this fine country need to reevaluate what we plan to do about this increasing problem. Decide what can be done and put those thoughts into action. Remember there are THREE million illegal immigrants coming into this country each year (Bush 2009) and over $28 BILLION dollars going towards illegal immigrants, education, medical expenses, and government programs. (The center of Immigration Studies 2005) References Page The White House  (2009) Website has many intrusting new policies about immigration reform. White House. (2009). Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. whitehouse. gov The Website Barack Obama (2009) lays out what Barack Obama will do once he pronounced president. Obama, B, (2009). Plan for immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 from http://www. barackobama. com Federation for American immigration reform (January 2009) provides statistical and legal issues regarding immigration in the U. S (2009) Immigration. Retrieved May 11, 2009 http://www. fairus. org/site/PageServer? pagename=research_research9605 NA. (2006, June) â€Å"Economy factors into immigration debate. †Ã‚  American City & County  121. 6  . Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile. Database Rytine, N. (2002, October) â€Å"Effects of Immigration Reform and Control Act legalization through 2001. † , â€Å"Exhibit 1-IRCA Legalization: Temporary Residence, Permanent Residence, and Naturalization through 2001,† in IRCA Legalization Effects: Lawful Permanent Residence and Naturalization through 2001, U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Byram, J. (2004, March) â€Å"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. †Ã‚  Major Acts of Congress. Ed. Brian K. Landsberg. Vol. 2. New York:  Macmillan Reference USA,   2004. 2  pp. 3  vols. Retrieved May 11, 2009 Gale Virtual Reference Library Immigration and Immigration Reform 11 References Page Holland, H. (2008, November)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Government contractors hiring undocumented workers: national security implications and solutions. †Ã‚  Public Contract Law Journal  36. 2  (Wntr 2007):  263(14). Retrieved May 11, 2009 from  General OneFile Database Fennelly,K. (2007, February)†U. S. immigration: a historical perspective. †National Voter 56. 2:4(4) Retrieved May 11, 2009 from General OneFile Database

Facebook Essay

Facebook is a social network created in 2004 and has over 21 million registered members. It is the newer version of MySpace and has taken over cyberspace. Facebook allows you to stay connected with friends, classmates and old friends. It was originally created for college students, but people of all ages all over the world have now become part of the social network. There are many activities you can do when you join virtual groups based on common interests, see what classes they have in common, and learn each others’ hobbies, interests, musical tastes, and romantic relationship status through the profiles. If used properly there can be many advantages of Facebook in the life of a college student. Some colleges set up facebook groups for future classes of students to meet online. The University of Chicago had several groups of students getting ready to graduate high school already beginning online friendships with possible future classmates. They all talked about and shared their goals, what classes they planned to take and shared in the anticipation of receiving their acceptance letters. Students across the country are connecting with future classmates as well. Some students in New York arranged to meet there facebook group friends in person. These new facebook friends will probably rarely see each other on campus. These facebook forced friendships do not last for long, but it makes the students feel more comfortable about their first day of College. If you are a college student like me, chances are you probably have a Facebook. You probably log on more than once a day and you probably spend at least an hour on it per day. You sit down to write a paper or study for a test and somehow you end up on Facebook. Before you know it an hour has passed and you haven’t gotten anything done. This is the case for majority of college students. We do not know how to manage our time or priorities. It is easier and more entertaining to spend time on Facebook than to spend time studying. There is a quote that states â€Å"The reason why people fail is that they trade what they want most for what they want at the moment. † In this moment college students want to socialize and have fun, they put their future on the back burner because they cannot feel the effects of their underachievements. Facebook also has its advantages as well. For example many college students can use facebook market place to sell their cars, books, computers etc. With such a large number of people in this network it makes it easier to sell your items. â€Å"According to a 2008 Kaplan study, one in 10 college admissions officers routinely check out college applicants’ Facebook and MySpace pages. And some 38% of them found posts and pictures that reflected poorly on those prospective students. A study conducted at Ohio State University concluded that students who were Facebook user had a GPA 5-10 points lower than non Facebook users. Students who did not use Facebook dedicated more time to studying than users. It is important to keep everything on your facebook mutual. You do not want someone to be able to look at your profile picture and know everything about you. If you are a prospective college student, or a college student ready to find a good job, or apply for an internship it is import ant to sensor your profile. Your profile picture should be of you at a party with a drink or cigarette in your hand, kissing your significant other, or anything sexy or provocative. It should be a mutual picture of you in a nice setting. You should also be cautious of what you put in your profile description. The way you talk, and describe yourself shows a lot about your character. College students talk in slang amoung there friends, which is not a bad thing, but it should be limited to just that, amoung your friends. A young college graduate applied for an internship in a consulting company in Chicago, when the company looked up his facebook this is what they found in his profile description â€Å"†smokin’ blunts† (cigars hollowed out and stuffed with marijuana), shooting people and obsessive sex† Though this individual may have been joking or trying to be funny, it made him like he lacked good judgement and very unprofessional. They found things that went against the values of the company. These are not the kind of people companies are looking to hire. They are interested in responsible and modest people. Facebook and MySpace are only two years old but have attracted millions of avid young participants, who mingle online by sharing biographical and other information, often intended to show how funny, cool or outrageous they are. † For some Facebook is a new identity, you can be whoever you want because you are hiding in front of a computer screen. You can make you rself seem however you would like by just an update of a status. It can also hinder your social ability to communicate with people. A cell phone build one wall between two people, texting and social networking builds two. Many college students have â€Å"hooked up† with and gone on blind dates with complete stranger they have met over Facebook. Most facebook users including myself have accepted friend request by strangers. Maybe you accepted them because of your mutual friends, or maybe other reasons. Whatever the reason, someone who tries to hit on you, or ask you out on facebook can manipulate your profile. They know which friends your both have in common because of the â€Å"mutual friends list† they know what type of music you listen to, what your religious and political views are, even your favorite quotes. A friend of mine met an attractive guy over facebook. They started chatting a few times a week, and eventually set up a date. She said she had a good time, but that it was almost too perfect because they had so much in common. It was obvious that he had done his research, and did it well. He used her facebook information to get her to like him, he knew exactly the right things to talk about and say. For all she knew he could have been a crazy stalker with bad intentions. If you have just graduated and you are looking for a job, Facebook could either make or break your career. Most companies take the time and research potential employees. They would like to hire people with a clean record and reputation to represent their companies. Many have lost their jobs because of their Facebook profiles. Though you may try to keep your profile as clean as possible, the comments your friends leave you also count. You are who you hang out with and if your friends leave you inappropriate comments or tag you in an old party picture it could very well jeopardize and close doors for your future. According to Alex Patino, a Resident Assistant here at Kean University, the Office of Residence Life requires that you sign a contract disclaiming that no inappropriate pictures and/or comments are posted on your Facebook or any social networking site you belong to. Any Resident Assistant caught or reported to have any offensive material of his or her website can be put on probation, and if serious enough the student may be fired. I decided to conduct my own research to find out how many hours a day college students spend on facebook and how it affects their work and study habits. I made a multiple choice and one open ended question survey and sampled about 115 students from all different colleges. I posted my survey from survey monkey to my facebook status. From there I waited for students to respond. Out of the 115 students who participated in the survey, 46 % spent two to three hours on facebook per day. That is almost half of those who participated. 11 % spent two to three hours, and 8 % spent an unhealthy 5 hours or more on facebook, that is almost a whole day at work. 35 % of students said they spend an hour or less on facebook which is the amount of time we should be limiting ourselves to being online. When asked what activities they do online, most students said they spend most of their time on facebook checking for notifications, chatting, and said most of their time was spent browsing through user’s profiles and pictures. One student said: â€Å"I do not use facebook anymore. Have no use for it†¦ It is nothing but a ‘Hackers’ paradise. † The Face book dos and don’ts -Do not post to much personal information about yourself. Remember that your reputation is important and your information should be mutual Also remember strangers can view your profile. Ex: address cell phone number place of work) Your close friends already know that information you do not need to post it for everyone else to see – Be careful what pictures you upload of yourself. Many people do not personally know you, and can get the wrong idea of who you are by the way you present yourself in photos. Employers like to keep an eye on their employees, drunken pictures or provocative pictures can ruin your chances of landing a job -Do not ever post on your status where you will be, and who you will be with. There are such things as facebook stalkers and they might really show up – Do not believe everything you see online. More than 75% of students who participated in my survey said they spend most of their time looking at other user’s profiles. People can pretend to be who ever they’d like online â€Å"Everything you say can and will be used against you. † We all have heard that saying somewhere or another that is used in court or upon arrest. But did you ever think everything on your facebook could be used against you in some way? Well think again. According to one East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania professor, a joke she made about students on her facebook was not taken lightly. She posted comments joking about killing students. The comment stated â€Å"Had a good day today, did not want to kill even one student 🙂 Now Friday was a different story. † What she thought were playful joking comments led to her suspension at the University. Even upon her return students were very angry that she was allowed back into the classroom. The jokes were strictly meant for family and friends, but when posting something on a public website, others who may not know u as well may feel threatened and take â€Å"jokes† to be serious.

Monday, July 29, 2019

The Aesthetics of Parent-Child Shared Reading Wordless Storybooks Research Paper

The Aesthetics of Parent-Child Shared Reading Wordless Storybooks - Research Paper Example Scholars have attached more value to quality reading rather than quantity of reading at the elementary level of learning, and more parent-engaging strategies to cultivate a child’s aesthetic abilities. The purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which parent-child shared reading influences the aesthetic ability of a child.In this case, the research will focus on the application of parent-child shared reading of a wordless book, or rather a book that has no words but only contains images and a non-verbal gestures (Tompkins, 2007: Wasik, 2010). By measuring the participation of a parent in this a child’s learning experience and observing the child’s engagement in play, role play, drama, relationship with peers, it is possible to assess the influence of a child-parent shared reading in a child’s learning abilities. ... oo (2013), children find it a complex matter to decode the message in a wordless book and while the book may amuse them, they may end up without grasping the intended meaning in the pictography. In addition, parents disregard the picture story books and pay more attention to the worded books; a matter that often suppresses the child’s learning abilities as they get to elementary schools (Wolfeand Flewitt, 2010). Consequently, the child’s performance is limited and their optimal productivity cannot be tapped, an issue that concerns every society that has value for civilization in the society (Schickedanz, & McGee, 2010: Teale, Hoffman & Paciga, 2010).). By investigating the efficiency of parent-child shared reading of wordless books would help in boosting this habit within families and consequently contribute to the development of instructional methods at the elementary level. According to Koshy (2009), research is one of the most powerful tools in curriculum development strategy. Purpose of the Research General Objectives To investigate the effectiveness of parent-child shared reading in developing aesthetic abilities in a child’s learning. To investigate the key virtues of Parent-Child shared learning that are critical in development of child’s aesthetic abilities. Specific Objectives To conduct an interview for a mother and her child and their experience in shared reading. To observe the child free play, role play, drawings and interaction with its peers. To analyze the progress of the child’s learning abilities change within a period of one year of shared reading. To draw conclusions and design recommendable shared-reading strategies that can improve a child’s aesthetic abilities. Research Hypothesis This research seeks to test the hypothesis that states

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Bluetooth technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bluetooth technology - Essay Example The Bluetooth technology works across a secure and unlicensed short-range radio frequency. Bluetooth technology sends information within our own personal space which is known as our Personal Area Network (PAN) at distances of up to 10 meters. Bluetooth is also known as the IEEE 802.15.1, an industrial standard for wireless PANs (personal area network), since it can be used in smaller offices with few employees (Peter, 2006). A product having Bluetooth facility means that it some hardware or small computer chip along with some software that lets one product connect wirelessly to another using the Bluetooth technology. History of Bluetooth: The Bluetooth technology was formulated in 1994 by the Engineers of a company called â€Å"Ericsson†, a Swedish company. The reason behind this invention was to eradicate the rummage in homes and offices. In 1998, Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was developed and its founding members were Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba. The mo tive behind was to connect their products and also the organization devoted its time in maintaining the Bluetooth technology. Within six months success of the Bluetooth technology many other companies joined in this new invention. Since then the Bluetooth technology has boomed and has been adapted by many other companies. ... the King’s work, Bluetooth is all about connecting and communicating in an uninterrupted single flow allowing different devices from cell phones to automobiles to communicate and network with each other. The Bluetooth Logo is established on the H and B of Harold's name. How the technology works: Initially the range of Bluetooth device brooded over 5meters but now it can attain a range of 10meters after expanding into 700-800kb bandwidth. The transmission frequency range for Bluetooth is between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz with a maximum transfer speed of 2 Mbps per second whereas at the beginning it was around 1Mbps per second and the frequency range was 2GHz. Bluetooth technology functions in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. It uses a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec (Justin, 2004). The network of Bluetooth contains a powerful topology PAN (personal area network) also known as piconet. These piconets are established dynamically and automatically. Nodes are organized in small groups of piconets. Every piconet has a leading node known as master and other nodes in a piconet are referred as slaves. A node can belong to a multiple of piconets, and such a node is called as a bridge. Piconet contains a minimum of two and a maximum of eight peer devices. The devices will communicate using protocols that are part of the specification. Slaves do not directly communicate with each other but instead rely on the master as a carrying node. Bluetooth provides a half-duplex communication channel. Communication between nodes in different piconets involves the bridge nodes. A bridge node can’t be active in more than one piconet at a time. It is active in one piconet while being deposited in others. Data

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Understanding Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Art - Essay Example If I would never have read Frida Kahlo’s meaning to her work, I would have thought that this man was in her head, always watching with a third eye and the oppression she feels, but as she expresses to friend, â€Å" I have suffered two serious accidents in my life, one in which a streetcar ran over me†¦. The other accident was Diego.†. Her work compels me, possibly because of her bravery to not only look at the reality of her situation but also because she allowed me to view it and share her emotion.   This painting makes me feel compassion, revulsion, and other unnamed emotions.   That is what makes it good art.  If I would never have read Frida Kahlo’s meaning to her work, I would have thought that this man was in her head, always watching with a third eye and the oppression she feels, but as she expresses to friend, â€Å" I have suffered two serious accidents in my life, one in which a streetcar ran over me†¦. The other accident was Diego.â⠂¬ . Her work compels me, possibly because of her bravery to not only look at the reality of her situation but also because she allowed me to view it and share her emotion.   This painting makes me feel compassion, revulsion, and other unnamed emotions.    Art is defined by many different categories, all in which help give a greater  understanding of the purpose of art. Art can range from the occasional change in color contrast of our room to a fresh vase of roses on the dining room table.

Friday, July 26, 2019

Our foolish thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Our foolish thoughts - Essay Example On the other hand, Gray Sloan in his essay "Sleuthing Patriotic Slogans" argues in satirical way about the words used in patriotic slogans. Since the time Sloan has been learning and teaching language, he has been also analyzing the grammar usage in today's patriotic slogans. Even though he finds errors in grammar structure of those slogans, he does not care much about that, because he concerns more about the meaning of those slogans. However, both authors are worried about the eloquence in today's public speeches and patriotic slogans would be used by people in power to hypnotize and fool American people. Jacoby uses the word "folks" as an example of the change in political terms. Politicians these days usually use the term "folks" to address Americans instead of â€Å"people or â€Å"ladies and gentlemen† like in the old days. Jacoby wonders why this term is used these days especially after she finds out that the term "folks" has never been used before as a political term. "The word "folks" was once a colloquialism with no political meaning" (395). She believes that using colloquial terms in today's public speeches is a way of isolating American people from political decisions, which downgrades them like if they were ineligible for such decisions. As she declares: The specific political use of folks as an exclusionary and inclusionary signal, designed to make speaker sound like one of the boys or girls, is symptomatic of a debasement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion of American culture standards. Casual colloquial language also conveys an implicit denial of the seriousness or whatever issue being debated: talking about folks going off to war is the equivalent of describing rape victims as girls (395). Unlike today's politicians, former leaders were trying to use simple words to let people understand their speech but without debasement of a public speech. However, Jacoby also concerns about the change of the term "soldiers" to " troops" by politicians and media. Jacoby states that some people in media or military media claim that the term "soldiers" would be offensive for women who have joined the army as "Dimwits", since they claim that the term "soldier" sounds masculine that is not true. Jacoby believes that the reason behind the change of that term is to magnify the news about the war and its losses. She links the change in both terms "folks" and "troops" to the debasement of speeches as she states: â€Å"Like unremitting appeals to folks, the victory of troops over soldiers offers an impressive illustration of the relationship between fuzzy thinking and the debasement of everyday speech" (396). Just as Jacoby who does not define the debase speech as one that simply uses prosaic grammar structure, Sloan almost has the same concerns about the signs and billboards, posters and stickers emblazoned with patriotic slogans such as "United We Stand," "Support the Troops," "Pray for the Troops," "Let Freedom R ing," "Home of the Brave," "God Bless America" which can be met everywhere in his hometown. His main argument is about the way the slogans are written and what they really mean. He analyzes those patriotic slogans and criticizes them satirically. In addition, he finds some of them are contradictive and unrealistic. For example, â€Å"Let Freedom Ring† and â€Å"United We Stand†, he believes that those two patriotic slogans are conflict with each other, as he wonders â€Å"

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Marketing - Justification Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Justification Report - Essay Example The Gym has a total of two owners and three trainers all of whom have a background in the sports industry. The objective in this aspect is to seek the relevant products, which are healthy and appropriate and can effectively assist the clients in the gym with their needs associated with the aggressive training. Indeed, the training process is very delicate and requires very important essentials, which should always be available in a bid to make training a more professional aspect. In this respect, the report seeks to convince Top Tier that the potential products will greatly assist the clients in selecting healthier diets, which can positively influence their health. The initiative is further intended to offer proper training to the clients in order to enable them make relevant decisions regarding the best products to select. The initiative is intended to deal with four lines of products that include sports drinks, energy drinks, energy bars and sports shakes. The justification on the need to use these products is given on professional grounds other than on plain product promotion claims. It is in that respects that it is hoped that the Top Tier management would indeed react positively to this need and enable the products to be marketed at the gym. Problem statement In the increasingly dynamic sports environment where challenges and issues related to health continue to become major concerns, the need to provide effective products in relation to these challenges cannot be overemphasized. Healthy standards are very difficult to attain these days courtesy of the inundation of several products in the market claiming to be the solutions to the challenges realized. Often, these products never meet the objectives aspired. This initiative is therefore an important call to rectify the situation and provide the best products that can assist the trainees at the gym with all their professional healthy needs. Methods The solution to the above problem lies in the products tha t this report seeks to promote in the Gym. Today, the society is becoming more dynamic and convenience seems to be the greatest aspect that people consider before any undertaking. Energy drinks and bars have become very popular as people seek products that can quickly replenish them with energy at faster rates (Nestle 2002). Quality products that can provide these solutions always need to be at the disposal of those who need them. Well-designed products that can fulfill these functions and provide the users with all the healthy requirements are therefore the most important aspects in this regard. Weight gainers, protein powders, and carbohydrate drinks are some of the products that can give the users high quality value in terms of body requirements without subjecting them to the agony of spending too much time in the kitchen (2012). The program is intended to take a maximum timeframe of one week as a promotion period and will mostly involve educational sessions to give the potential users all the relevant information regarding these important products in the markets. It is hoped that after the program, all the trainees and everybody in the gym shall be knowledgeable enough regarding these important aspects of health and will therefore be in a position to purchase the products. Findings

Electrons in Atoms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electrons in Atoms - Research Paper Example This paper sought to study electrons in atoms; their history, science and applications. Both case study and descriptive research designs were employed r. Secondary sources were the main data sources used in this study. The first discovery of an electron was made by Sir John Joseph Thompson when he was studying Mysterious rays, today’s cathode rays in 1898 (Richards). Thompson made a very bold suggestion the mysterious rays were made up particles that were smaller than atoms, which he named corpuscles. Thompson further suggested that corpuscles might be the component of all the matter in an atom (AIP). By then the atom was believed to be the smallest indivisible particle of matter; hence the Thompsons theory was controversial until he, together with other scientists and proved it experimentally. Thompson’s suggestion that cathode rays were made of corpuscles later turned to be electrons, tiny, with a negative charge and the fundamental parts of an atom turned to be correct. In the mid-nineteenth century, an experiment of a glass tube with wires implanted in opposite sides, air pumped out, and a high voltage applied was very popular. Lovely glow patterns were made inside the tube. The experiment was improved by a German physicist in 1859, and the fluorescent glow was produced where the cathode light reached the glass. This experiment was a proof that the cathode emitted some kind ray (AIP). Speculations were made by physicists, including Thompson concerning these mysterious rays. Some thought they were waves like light waves while others, including Thompson thought they were particles. More experiments were made. A magnet was observed to push the rays about. Heinrich Hertz, a German Physicist, noted that the mysterious rays were not deflected by an electric field in a cathode ray tube as was expected for charged particles. More confusion engulfed scientists, and more experiments were needed to resolve the uncertainties. Jean Perrin, a French

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Evaluation Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation Methods - Essay Example 1). Scientific Experimental Model The scientific experimental model is the most commonly used; it is normally applied in the field of social sciences. The main aim of the scientific experimental model is to assess the accuracy and objectivity of information generated. In addition, the strategy also involves assessing the impartiality and the validity of information. Evaluation in this model takes the form of experimental and non-experimental designs (Research Methods, 2012, para. 6). Management Oriented System Models The most widely used method in respect of the management oriented system models in the management of businesses and organizations includes Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). In addition, other method of management oriented system model that has been introduced by evaluators includes the UTOS. This acronym stands for Units, Treatment, Observation and Settings. Another model in this category is CIPP (context, input, process and p roduct). The main aim of management oriented systems models is to emphasize the suitability of an object within the framework of organizational activities. CIPP looks at the context in which the object operates, whether the environment is suitable or not, and the nature of effort required in using the object. An object is evaluated as being inefficient if the amount of input or resources put in place in operating is more and costly. Further, the process taken by the object to produce the goods or services must involve the least effort necessary as well as time. In the end, the product is evaluated on its usefulness to the society in general (Research Methods, 2012, para. 7). The main difference between the scientific experimental models and the management oriented models is in the discipline in which they are applied. Scientific experimental models are used in social sciences as well as in physical sciences to determine the accuracy of a given theory or scientific process as formula ted by scientists or theoreticians. The management oriented models are used by the managers in different organizations to assess the suitability of an object within the framework of organizational activities. However, these two strategies of evaluation can be used interchangeably (Research Methods, 2012, para. 8). Qualitative Models Qualitative models majorly dwell on the need for observations. They also involve the need to ensure that a given object retains its qualities for a longer period of time. The assessment is mainly centered on the subjective interpretation of an individual to the suitability and validity of a given object. Quality is the main measure while undertaking the evaluation process. Evaluators normally ensure that a given object conforms to the standards of operation without causing any dangers to the individuals concerned with its usage. Assessing the quality of the product is very important in knowing the strengths and weaknesses of a given product or service (R esearch Methods, 2012, para. 9). Participant Oriented Models Participant oriented models mainly concentrate on the participants. Participants include the clients and users of a given object. The evaluators seek to establish the effectiveness of a given product or service through the participants. The information concerning

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Advertisements and Tourism Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertisements and Tourism Websites - Essay Example Advertisements and websites are the most prolific example of segmented marketing, where the target group decides the contents of advertisements. In the rapid globalization and advancing technology, websites of tourism are the most popular form of advertisements for the tourism industry whose. Tourism websites have become popular primarily because they are able to provide the customers with the necessary information and services that facilitate their desire for relaxation and at the same time whet their appetite for adventure. People have the inherent urge for adventure and tourist industry, the world over has left no stone unturned in order to provide an exciting adventure in the remotest part of the world. The information explosion and e-commerce activities in the tourism industry have further added to the attraction. The websites have made even a middle-class person, with limited resources, to crave for the attractions and exciting new packages that are on offers by the travel agen cies. ‘http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel’ is one such website that is designed to seduce the customers with a vast choice of places offering attractive schemes. Rest and relaxation are an integral part of human nature where different people have different notion of rejuvenating themselves. The tips given by the travelers are designed to inspire and boost the confidence of the future customers.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American Civil Rights Essay To what Degree was Reconstruction 1965-77 a false dawn for African-American civil Rights? After the end of the civil war, there were many issues which needed to be addressed. The civil rights of the African Americans were in need of change, and during this period there were hopes that new legislation would be implemented to aid African Americans and other minority groups. This legislation would be called the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment of 1868 (which promised equality), and finally the 15th Amendment (which gave the right to vote). However, despite the positive legislation, reconstruction aggravated a lot of people and brought the southern states into conflict with the Government. The Freedmens Bureau was established in 1865, which aimed to provide food, clothing, and fuel to formal slaves and white refugees. The Freedmens Bureau bill was also passed by Abraham Lincoln; however Johnson vetoed it, however a supplementary act extended its existence until 1870. This was very good for black rights, as it gave blacks more protection and a safety net if they were too poor to buy food and support their families. However, it was only meant as a temporary act, and therefore there was always the looming feeling that it would soon come to an end, and also the promises of it were not fulfilled to the extent at which it was said to be. The Amendments which were introduced also gave black people a real hope in gaining independence and freedom. The 13th amendment was introduced in 1865, and this guaranteed the permanent abolishment of slavery. The emancipation proclamation which was introduced by Abraham Lincoln was seen as more of a temporary fix whilst the war was going on, however the 13th amendment solidified it and made it a more permanent and clear reality. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. However, although by law it states that there shall be no slavery, slavery continued on a more hidden basis. Sharecropping still existed, and freedmen who had come out of slavery with no qualifications or experience became unemployed, so the living conditions for most freedmen did not improve. Slave-owners were also reluctant to let their slaves leave, and often kept them illegally. The 14th Amendment however was introduced in 1870, and this aimed to further secure the rights of the freedmen. This turned out to be one of the most important Amendments ever made to the American constitution. It threatened to reduce the representation of the states which continued to discriminate. However, a loophole in this law was that the states which continued to discriminate would just accept the unequal representation, but carry on with their discrimination, yet just not so obvious. Therefore by some, this could be seen as a false dawn, as it did address the issue of freedmen not having rights, but it also created a loophole for the southern states to take advantage of. The 15th Amendment was introduced two years later, which aimed to cover the loophole which was created by the 14th amendment. This stated: Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude This was a huge step forward for black civil rights, as this means that the south was not able to carry on with their discrimination against many voters, and this nullified the loophole in the law which was created by the 14th Amendment. However, more loopholes were created with this, with unattainable requirements being implemented just to be able to vote. For example, voters in some states had to be taxpayers which was not possible for freedmen, as most were not earning enough to be able to pay tax, and also literacy tests were introduced which were severely biased against black people, with questions which were completely unanswerable. Another reason why this did not entirely work was because of the uprising of the KKK. They were a terrorist group which aimed to scare black people into not voting, and to basically cause terror because they were black. They at first were not an ultra-violent group, however as time progressed they quickly became increasingly violent, as lynchings were common, and they would often target the black people who were doing well for themselves, I.E lawyers who were doing a lot for civil rights, or those who went to vote. Because of this huge suppression and hatred, a lot of black people were scared to vote and in reality voting was not a freedom for black people. Some historians would say that reconstruction it itself did not really care for the black rights, and that it was a political move to try and remain Republican power in the south. Abraham Lincoln himself did not have a clear policy for freed slaves after the Civil War, so reconstruction was not seen as a solid plan from the start, it was looking like a false dawn. False Dawn something which seems to show that a successful period is beginning or that a situation is improving when it is not. Reconstruction The act of constructing again, of rebuilding Bibliography * Wikipedia * Class Notes * Civil Rights In America Ron Field * About.com

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Article 1 Socioeconomic Position and Factors Associated With Use of a Nonsupine Infant Sleep Position: Findings From the Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey SIDS is the surprising loss of life of an baby young than one year of age. SIDS continues to be mysterious after a thorough case research, such as efficiency of a complete autopsy, evaluation of the loss of life field and evaluation of medical record.Unexpected Child Loss of life Issue has always been a challenge to scientists.. So far no concepts or details are able to provide a effective response for this. Physicians have did not figure out whether the child instantly had a center problem or just basically missing the capability to take in. Over 70 different concepts have been suggested to describe the cause of SIDS The chance of SIDS usually mountains in babies older between 2-4 several weeks of age, it is very unusual within the first month of birth and threat decreases after six several weeks of age. Research has revealed that about 90% of SIDS fatalities happen in babies young than six several weeks of age. In SIDS an baby between the age groups of two to four several weeks is discovered deceased during a period of sleep. The surprising loss of life of previously healthy babies is all the more surprising and harmful. Sudden baby loss of life is a terrible event for any mother or father or care provider. This is the most severe disaster mother and father can face, a disaster which results in them with unhappiness and a feeling of weeknesses that continues throughout their lives. SIDS is also generally known as Bed loss of life, Cot loss of life, Sudden mysterious loss of life in beginnings (SUDI). Unexpected Baby Loss of life Issue has always been a challenge to scientists. The cause (or caus es) of SIDS is still a secret. SIDS is one of the top causes of infant death in USA. So far no concepts or details are able to give a effective response for this. Physicians have did not figure out whether the child instantly had a center problem or just simply missing the capability to take in. Over 70 different concepts have been suggested to describe the cause of SIDS. In facedown position, air activity around the oral cavity is also affected. This can cause the baby to rebreathe just blown out co2. Normal air activity is avoided by Smooth bed linens and gas-trapping things, like bed linens, bed linens, waterbeds and soft beds. Some of the concepts relevant to SIDS describe that the childs higher air gets obstructed making the child suffocate. One concept says that blood vessels structure of the child may have sudden development of the level of body fat and thus, the mind of the child prevents performing. Some fault defective neurological program in children for SIDS as it is not able to notify the child and awaken it up when the fresh air provide is low. SIDS children may not have this procedure at all. SIDS may be due to a defective defense mechanisms or the way a child rests such as smooth bed linens in which the children unintentionally hide their experience and then cannot convert and thus get choked. Covering the child too firmly in a cover may also cause to SID. Article 2 Heart Rate Variability in Sleeping Preterm Neonates Exposed to Cool and Warm Thermal Conditions The term babies with apparent deadly event (ALTE), premature babies of low birth weight are at risk for SIDS. Some state that friends of babies who have succumbed to SIDS are at risk. The study states that the babies who die of SIDS have irregularities in functions like respiration, hypertension and arousal. The structural differences in a specific part of the mind may add to the chance of SIDS. Exams of the mind stems of SIDS victims have revealed a developing delay in formation and function of several serotonin-binding nerve routes within the mind. These routes regulate respiration, pulse rate, and hypertension reactions. The study examine that increase in the heat range due to overdressing, using extreme covers can cause to an improved fat burning capacity in these babies and ultimate loss of respiration control. Apparent life-threatening activities (ALTEs) are medical activities in which young babies show unexpected changes in respiration, shade, or muscular mass. ALTEs are triggered due to popular breathing attacks, gastro esophageal flow back illness or convulsions. But there is no medical proof connecting ALTEs to SIDS.Some of the baby fatalities followed by immunization made people believe immunization as a cause of SIDS which has now proven to be wrong by research. SIDS is non-contagious and is not genetic and obviously it is not due to bad being a parent. Infants are very delicate to changes in heat range. Child may sleep greatly if the space is too heated and may not awaken in time in case of any problems in respiration. Breast fed children are secured against attacks that can cause to SIDS. Parents can pay attention to their children while they are resting through digital products. They increase an alert if the child prevents respiration. But they are not known to prevent SIDS. They are suggested for children with higher threat for SIDS. Pacifiers give included security for children up to 6 month. Because heating up may increase a childs chance of SIDS, outfit your baby in light, relaxed outfits for resting, and keep the 70 degrees at a level thats relaxed for an mature. If youre concerned about your baby remaining heated, outfit him in a onesie, sleepwear that protect arms, legs, arms, and legs. Remember, dont use a protect your baby can get twisted in it or take the protect over his face. Article 3 Clinical Digest Cot lack of life, better known as S.I.D.S., is one of the top causes for the overpriced baby death amount rate in this nation these days. It is often misinterpreted or unrecognizable. For the most part, the causes of SIDS are unidentified to the community. This is modifying, however, as attention is ever improving. Thus, the objective of this document will be to describe unexpected baby lack of life problem and its known or recommended causes. Also, the record of SIDS, the issues and psychological struggling that outcomes from the lack of a kid, the cost it requires on the enduring brother, and possible guidance or other help that is available for mother and father who may have missing a kid to SIDS are such places that will be researched. Overall I desire to accomplish a better knowing of all these recommended subjects within the body of the document. Despite decreases in occurrence during the past two decades, cot loss of life (SIDS) remains the leading cause of loss of life for babies older between 1 month and 1 year in western world. Behavioral risks identià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed in epidemiological studies include vulnerable and side roles for baby rest, smoking visibility, soft bedding and rest areas, and heating up. Proof also indicates that pacià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ er use at rest time and room discussing without bed discussing are associated with reduced chance of SIDS. Although the cause of SIDS is unidentified, premature cardiorespiratory autonomic control and failing of excitement responsiveness from rest are key elements. Gene polymorphisms with regards to this transportation and autonomic neurological system development might make aà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ected babies more susceptible to SIDS. Strategies for threat reduction have assisted to decrease SIDS occurrence by 50–90%. However, to decrease the occurrence even further, greater progr ess must be made in reducing prenatal smoking visibility and applying other recommended baby care methods. Ongoing research is needed to recognize the pathophysiological basis of SIDS. In the UK, present suggestions say that mother and father should choose where their child rests, however, the most secure choice is in a bed or cot in the same space. The researchers discovered that the chance of SIDS was more regular in breast-fed children young than 3 several weeks who distributed the bed with their mother and father, even if the mother and father did not use alcohol, medication, or smoking. Furthermore, the chance of bed-sharing reduced as the child got mature. The most frequent interval for the incident of SIDS was between 7 and 10 several weeks. The writers indicate that a important loss of SIDS worth could be achieved if mother and father did not discuss beds with their children. Article 4 Alcohol as a risk factor for sudden infant death Syndrome SIDS is the unexpected loss of life of an baby young than one year of age. SIDS continues to be mysterious after a thorough case research, such as efficiency of a finish autopsy, evaluation of the loss of life field and evaluation of medical record. The unexpected loss of life of formerly healthy babies is all the more surprising and harmful. Sudden baby loss of life is a terrible occasion for any mother or father Alcohol during maternity is one of the greatest risks to a unborn infant. Consumption can put the mom and unborn infant at threat for several things. For example: miscarriages, stillbirths, early babies, and low-birth-weight babies. When a lady is drinking regularly it boundaries her nutritional consumption that both she and the unborn infant need to develop. Consuming during maternity can also have an impact on baby growth. Alcohol remains in the blood circulation twice as long in a unborn infant than it does in the mom. This can cause the most harm to the unborn infant during the first trimester when body system components and body system parts are developing, such as the mind, center, and anxious system. Scientists discovered those fatalities may result from kids being exposed to alcohol in the uterus and from alcohol-using moms creating dangerous surroundings for the kids after beginning. Previously, studies have tied SIDS to parents smoking and to risky surroundings, but few stu dies have looked at whether alcohol could be involved in some of the fatalities. They in comparison the number of SIDS and baby fatalities that happened in kids of moms with a clinically diagnosed consuming issue, to cases among the kids of moms without a analysis. The researchers discovered that kids created to moms who consumed intensely during maternity had a seven-fold increase in the chance of SIDS, in comparison to kids of moms without a consuming issue. Babies also had a nine-fold increased chance of SIDS when their moms consumed within the year after beginning, in comparison to kids created to moms who didnt drink. The results of this study indicate that expectant mothers alcohol-use problem improves the chance of SIDS and (infant deaths) through immediate effects on the unborn baby and ultimately through ecological risks,† The writers add that past studies suggest children revealed to alcohol in the uterus may have irregularities in the brainstem, which could lead to problems controlling basic body features like respiration.

Childrens Stories Of The Nineteenth Century English Literature Essay

Childrens Stories Of The Nineteenth Century English Literature Essay memorable adventures that remain popular today. Children continue to feel the heartaches of heroines such as Jo March in Louisa May Alcotts Little Women -which has never gone out of print, (Watson, 2009, p13) and eagerly turn the pages of Robert Louis Stevensons colonialist Treasure Island to read about Jims adventures and bravery. Yet these seemingly fun-filled Bildungsroman stories are reliant upon a value-system delineated by patriarchal constructions of gendered social roles of the late nineteenth century in which they were written. Both novels overtly indicate that in order to achieve personal value or capital (and thus maturity), the boy and girls of these stories are expected to succumb to the social expectations defined by their respective genders, ultimately replacing their juvenile freedom with responsibility and obligation. Consequently, for the purpose of this essay, fatherhood has been interpreted as influential masculine authority that invests both guidance and support in achieving this maturity. These depictions will be compared and contrasted in an attempt to argue that despite absent fathers, seemingly opposite contexts, perspectives and heavily gendered ideals, these novels both depict fatherhoods that challenge the gendered assumptions and values underpinning the imperial beliefs and identities .. of this period (Montgomery, 2009,p108.) Whilst seek(ing) to empower young readers to become active agents of future change'(Sambell, Reader 2, p.386) by challenging the apparent flight from domesticity (Tosh, 1999,p4)of the time. Little Women and Treasure Island stand at the threshold of changing notions about childhood (and consequent changes in childrens literature), between more didactic literature from earlier in the century, and the more purely amusing literature written later. Little Women, focusing on four sisters in a middle-class New England domestic setting, gives particular insight into the changing position of fatherhood to girls and women in American Civil War society, whilst Treasure Island forefronts an imperial masculine identity aimed towards British boys in the height of colonial expansion (Montgomery, 2009,p74). These differing contexts are crucial to consider as they serve as a frame by which the child, and (importantly) parent, reader would interpret the authors messages and ideals of fatherhood, and ultimately contributed to their success. The comparison of the depictions of fatherhood will begin by analysing Alcotts portrayal of key father-figures within Little Women, followed by a comp arative study of fatherhood issues addressed in Treasure island. The March family, with their initially absent father, portrays a female-dominated domestic world in which men, including Laurie, Mr. Lawrence, publishers, suitors, and even Mr. March, play second fiddle. However, the patriarchal society of the time dictate that, just as Jim Hawkins journey towards accruing capital must be initiated by an investment of masculine capital, the lessons of domestic virtue within Little Women are always framed within the context of physically or ethereally present father-figures. Mr. Marchs letter sparks his daughters journeys toward virtue in the novel and he is credited as the guiding source of Marmees goodness as well as providing the time frame for the first half of the book. When Jo questions her mother on how she learned to control her emotions, she turns to the example Mr. March set before her. She claims; He never loses patience, never doubts or complains, but always hopes, and works and waits so cheerfully that one is ashamed to do otherwise before him. He helped and comforted me, and showed me that I must try to practice all the virtues I would have my little girls possess, for I was their example. (p76) Through Alcotts use of heterodiegetic   narrative the reader is shown how each of her daughters strive to become the selfless, loving woman that Marmee represents, and by making Mr March the source of her goodness, Alcott attributes all moral authority and value to him. Alcott, through Mr March, constructed the home and Marmee herself, so that even when he is gone she remains behind, reinforcing the values of the patriarchal domestic authority her husband instilled within her. Alcott states (perhaps a little too earnestly) that despite the clear image of the five energetic women [who] seemed to rule the house (p229) he remains head of the family (p230) and the underlying source of social value and authority in the March family. These (frequent) explicit assertions of need for masculine validation and portrayal of domesticated manliness however, are in complete contrast to the image Alcott uses of his return as an invalid (p168)muffled up to the eyes'(p164). This broken man leaning on his wifes arm (Fetterley, p26), consigned to the library for the majority of the story, seemingly contradicts the very patriarchal assertions that Alcott loudly professes throughout. Similarly, as Fetterley asserts, Mr Marchs illness is consigned to the distant background and only vaguely referred to (ibid) instead hinting at a new form of patriarchal role-model; one that plays second fiddle to God and Mother (p181). Alcotts use of Intertextuality in the thematic elements of Pilgrims Progress woven throughout the plot reaffirm her religious ideologies and highlight the novels links to more didactic nature. Christian becomes a masculine authority of piety and perseverance to whom the March girls look for guidance and strength . Similarly, the March girls are repeatedly instructed to call upon their Heavenly Father to help them bear their burdens. The girls therefore have three ethereal masculine figures of moral authority steering them as they learn to fulfil their gendered roles: their father (in his absence), God, and Christian. When the girls need the physical presence of a man, they have Laurie: The girls describe Laurie as a remarkable boy (p278) whom they use as a standard to measure both other young men and their own behaviour; Angry Jos ill temper is highlighted when even good-natured Laurie had a quarrel with her (p104); Vain Meg first realises her misconduct through Lauries disapproval in Vanity Fair (p87); shy Beth is shown Laurie as a model of accomplishment without conceit (p67); and selfish Amy is saved from thin ice by his composure, from dull Aunt March by his ability to entertain, and from an unsuitable marriage by his reprimand (p74,180,397). Yet, despite this conformance to the conventional father role, the relationships also prove reciprocal as Laurie is also educated by the March girls:   It is Amy who urges Laurie to wake up and be a man (p384), Jo who manages his relationship with his grandfather (p198-203) and he himself credits them for a part of my education (p429) resulting in newly acquired manly virtues (p395.) This re-education of the male characters to conform with the female model that the women provide, along with Marmees pleas for the equal involvement of fatherhood in family life(p366), is put into increasingly successful practice by each of her sons-in-law. Fetterley describes how when Jo gets final father-figure, her big man or Papa Bhaer..her rebellion is neutralized (p29) and suggests Alcotts compliance with the gendered assumptions of fatherhood, yet once again there are clues that covertly challenge this view. Jo and Friedrich exhibit the most reformation of the traditional family in that Jo chooses the life work for herself and her partner, and provides the setting for their new school (Dalke, p563). She is financially independent and ultimately becomes responsible for educating boys. It is the opportunities provided by the strength and stability of the March matriarchy for reinventing manhood that lead the husbands, sons and fathers of Little Women to be re-educated by the women they love. Love which becomes, by the novels end, not the power play described by Fetterley, but rather an act performed mutually by both mothers and fathers to promote the reformation of a patriarchal society by beginning with the reformation of a single family. Like Little Women, Treasure Island can be read as a Bildungsroman, however in direct contrast it involves a rite of passage of Jim Hawkins predominately autodiegetic (retrospective) narration of his journey to maturity from which, as Stevenson notes, Women were excluded (xxvi) (with the exception of Jims mother and Captain Flint- who notably gets the last word in this masculine novel.) Whilst Little Women is saturated with figures of masculine authority and guidance, Treasure Island subjects its protagonist to little or no direct masculine, patriarchal authority as Jims father is fatally ill and soon dies. Yet, unlike Alcotts explicit portrayal of what the children should and should not be, the men Jim comes to admire are neither wholly good nor bad examples; they each contain traits Jim admires and traits he detests, and Jims achievement of independent mature identity lies in his own negotiation of father figures and rival male groupings, reaffirming the ideology of individualism (L oxley, p63) and, like Little Women, emphasising the authors belief in the need for change. In contrast to Mr March, Jims biological father is immediately portrayed as weak and lacking of authority. Jims lack of respect for this authority is demonstrated when he takes Billy Bones money to stand watch instead of helping his father as he should. Stevensons focalisation through young Jim (Montgomery,2009,p99) of his weak, poor father (p11) whose unhappy death (p10) was attributed to his terror (p10) heightens the sense of disappointment and serves to justify Jims delight in the company  of men as different from his father as he can find. Jims disappointment in the chicken-hearted men (p32) in town is also clear; none of whom offer to help his mother retrieve the money owed to  her (ibid) and it is instead left to a woman and a young boy. Stevensons choice of these weak male authorities suggests a failing  model of masculinity, frail in the threat of adversity. Jims father is unable to contend with the problems caused by the pirate; his son, and wife, however, can. In Jims quest  for self-definition it becomes clear that, from the start, Jim respects Long John Silver and prefers him to all other father-figures offered to him. Among the gentlemen, the Squire is too imperceptive and too gullible to carry sufficient moral authority, and too self-involved to be aware of Jims needs. Captain Smollet, from the start, establishes himself as stern and uncompromising. Only Dr Livesey shows any readiness to respond emotionally to Jim, as Sandison suggests, his confident authority (p55), innate compassion and demonstrable integrity (p56) set him up as an appropriate alternative moral authority (p57) but Stevenson questions this choice as a father-figure through his (pirate-like) mercenary pursuit of profit (Loxley, p75). Silvers clean and well-run inn, his  appearance, demeanour, and the obvious efficiency with which he   runs  his  establishment, clearly  impress  Jim and  immediately  contrasts are drawn  to  his biological fathers inability to run his own inn (ibid.) The connection between the two fathers is quickly established and continues when Silver almost immediately  takes on Jims education at the docks (p72-73,) more than we have been told Jims father ever bestowed upon his son. Stevenson differentiates Silver from other pirates such as Flint and Pew, who died a beggar-man (p106) by emphasising how he has a wife and has his money properly invested. Trelawney introduced him as a man of substance: he has a bankers account which has never been overdrawn (p69.) Silver, too, boasts about his financial success: I laid by nine hundred safe, from England, and two thousand after Flint à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ all safe in bank (p101). Silver has a keen eye for accounts and savings, jus t as those pillars of the community, the doctor and the squire, are eager to get their hands on pirate treasure. At odds with the increasingly industrial and imperial society in which Treasure Island was written, was the earlier notion that the domestic sphere . . . is integral to masculinity'(Tosh,1999,p4). In this romantic adventure-story filled with gentlemen, Stevenson leaves a lasting impression that the most admirable are: a boy of fourteen; whose actions from the start are driven by a wish to protect his mother and home, and a crippled pirate; the only married adult in the book besides Jims father. These characters operate in an absence of conventional nineteenth century acceptable masculinity, yet they affirm qualities ascribed to the gentleman as, first, a husband and a father. Stevensons critique of masculinity in the empire, lies in the depiction of Silver as paternal surrogate father to Jim. It is this non-biological redefinition of the father-son relationship in Treasure Island -which Stevenson wrote with input from his young stepson-that the strength of his argument lies. Stevenson seemingly blames the empire for the erosion of British fathers importance in their childrens lives. His juxtaposition of treasure-seeking pirates and gentlemen as potential fathers for Jim portrays scathing critiques of the types of men created by greed, capitalism, and colonialism, and highlights the need for the individual child to be cautious of false promises for adventure. By the end of the novel, Stevensons view of the British Victorian gentleman emerges as part pirate and part child, but most importantly, like the fathers of Little Women both committed to their roles in the family. Despite the obvious contrasts in technique, context, subject matter and style of fatherhoods depicted in Little Women and Treasure Island, similarities have been highlighted in the authors subversion of nineteenth century patriarchal ideals. Both texts have been shown to implicitly promote domesticity in their key father figures, whilst encouraging reformation of the traditional family model by rewarding individualism and therefore seek(ing) to empower young readers to become active agents of future change (Sambell, Reader 2,p.386.) Word Count 2198